General Concepts of Pathophysiology Flashcards
Natural history
the progression from the initial change associated with the disease to recovery or death
Lesion
a tissue abnormality caused by disease or trauma
Sign
an objective finding, can be documented (i.e provider can verify it) (recording a temperature, or seeing a bruise)
Symptom
a subjective feeling or complaint (i.e. what the patient says happened)
Sequelae
conditions resulting from disease or trauma (residual effects)
Complication
a new problem resulting from the presence of a disease
Resolution
describes the disappearance of a disease and return to health
Inherited (familial) diseases
alterations/mutations result in abnormal protein production (i.e cystic fibrosis)
Congenital diseases
prenatal (in utero) and neonatal (1st two months) disorders of development (ie. atrial-septal defect)
metabolic Diseases
inherited or acquired deficiencies or abnormalities of metabolic systems or processes (i.e. phenylketonuria, diabetes)
Degenerative disease
Gradual breakdown of tissue and loss of function (i.e osteoarthritis)
Neoplastic diseases
Loss of growth control (i.e lung cancer)
Immunologic diseases
over- or under- responsive immune system, against self-antigens (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis) or environmental antigens (i.e. poison ivy rash)
Infectious Disease
microorganisms, parasites, or toxins they produce, resulting in tissue destruction (i.e. influenza)
Physical agent induced disease
trauma or toxicity (i.e burn)
Nutritional disease
deficiency and excess of nutrients (i.e vitamin deficiency, hypervitaminosis A)
Iatrogenic Disease
caused by the health care system (i.e errors, therapy, complication, misdiagnosis)
Psychogenic
originating in the mind (i.e. somatoform disorders)
Idiopathic
cause is unknown (i.e idiopathic scoliosis )
Factors that affect the “normal”
genetic, cultural, age, gender, situational, diurnal
Cell-cell communication occurs via _____ which interact with complementary _____
secreted molecules (ligands); cell-associated molecules (receptors)
cell surface receptors
hormones binding to receptor communicates signal through cell membrane via ion channels, enzyme activation - primarily water soluble hormones
Intracellular receptors
hormone crosses membrane and binds to intracellular receptors which communicate the signal to the nucleus- primarily lipid soluble hormones
Autocrine cell-cell communication
cells respond to signaling molecules that they secrete, providing feedback to themselves (rapid onset, short duration, very specific effect)
Synaptic cell-cell communication
Nervous System (neurotransmitters in synapse) (rapid onset, short duration, very specific effect)
Paracrine cell-cell communication
chemicals secreted into local area, then rapidly destroyed so only local cells affected (i.e histamine, eicosanoids)
(slight delay in action, intermediate duration, several actions)
Endocrine cell-cell communication
mediators which travel via bloodstream, target cells widely distributed (i.e. protein and steroid hormones) (delayed action, long duration, multiple actions)
Cell growth and division is strictly regulated to address needs of ______
tissue growth, development and maintenance
Mitosis
somatic cell division where each daughter cell receives an identical and complete set of 46 chromosomes
Meiosis
Gamete (egg and sperm) cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced in half (diploid to haploid, 23 in human)
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells in an organ
atrophy
decrease in size of cells that can lead to cell death (apoptosis)
Growth factors are ____ (autocrine, paracrine, endocrine) secreted by cells which affect the rate of differentiation
hormones;
