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Pathophysiology > Cellular and Molecular Basis for Medical Physiology > Flashcards

Cellular and Molecular Basis for Medical Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular fluid is how much of total body fluid?

A

1/3 total body fluid

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2
Q

Intracellular Fluid is how much of total body fluid ?

A

2/3 total body fluid

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3
Q

Normal Plasma Osmality is

A

285-295mOsm/Kg (L)

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4
Q

isotonic=

A

normal tonicity

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5
Q

hypertonic >/= isotonic?

A

hypertonic > isotonic

in an isotonic solution water would flow out of cell and cause shrinkage

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6
Q

hypotonic >/= isotonic?

A

hypotonic < isotonic

in an isotonic solution water will flow into cell and cause bursting

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7
Q

Osmolality is calculated using what three electrolytes?

A

sodium (Na), Glucose, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

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8
Q

The osmolality of fluids affects __

A

water movement across cell and other semipermeable membranes

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9
Q

energy is transferred to ___ for use in ____ to generate compounds with high-energy phosphate bonds (ATP, GTP, CoA)

A

transferred to coenzyme H+ acceptors such as NAD, NADP, FAD for use in oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

what is the ultimate source of energy for biological reactions?

A

compounds with high energy phosphate bonds - ATP,GTP, CoA

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11
Q

Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle: oxidative phosphorylation occurs in _____

A

mitochondria

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12
Q

does the Krebs cycle oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen? how many ATP/glucose does it produce?

A

-requires oxygen

36 ATP/ glucose produced

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13
Q

Fatty acids are carried from cytosol into mitochondria by ______ metabolized in ______

A

fatty acyl carnitine metabolized in mitochondria

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14
Q

energy from fat: ___ and ___

A

B-oxidation in Mitochondria and keto genesis

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15
Q

ketogenesis

A

organisms produce ketone bodies through breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids

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16
Q

ketones in the blood or urine suggests that fat is being metabolized at a ___ rate

A

high

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17
Q

Glycolysis is the generation of __ from glucose?

How many ATP’s per glucose is made.

A

pyruvate; 2 ATP per glucose

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18
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic? Where does it take place?

A

anaerobic; cytoplasm

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19
Q

Krebs citric acid cycle anaerobic or aerobic? where does it take place?

A

Aerobic, mitochondria

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20
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose 1 phosphate

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21
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

other substrates (like amino acids) are used to make glucose for other cells to use for energy

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22
Q

Fatty acyl carnitine transports fatty acids in the ___ to the ___

A

cytosol to the mitochondria

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23
Q

Acetal CoA is the precursor to the synthesis of ____ in _____

A

cholesterol in sterols

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24
Q

in oder for acetal CoA to enter into the cycle, _____ must be present. If it in not/llimited, acytlCoA takes a different path that leads to ____

A

oxaloacetate; ketones

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25
Q

energy from proteins: proteins serves as a ___ for synthesis of all proteins in our body & can also be metabolized for ____

A

substrate; energy

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26
Q

liver function tests=

A

transaminases

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27
Q

what are two transaminases

A 
AST= aspartate aminotransferase
ALT= Alanine aminotransferase
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28
Q

what are transaminases?

A

functional enzymes that are important to normal metabolism

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29
Q

the urea cycle takes place in the ___ and converts highly toxic ___ into less toxic ____ to be excreted waste in urine

A

liver; NH3/NH4; urea

30
Q

DNA is formed from ______ which bind together in a helical form by ____

A

2 chains of nucleotides; H bonds

31
Q

Adenine-___

Cytosine-____

A

A: thymine
C: Guanine

32
Q

the superstructure of chromosomes is held together with ____ and other proteins

A

histones

33
Q

___ are discontinuous sequences of DNA which code for the ____ of a single peptide chain

A

Genes; amino acid sequence

34
Q

Exons are coding/noncoding part of chain?

introns are coding/noncoding part of chain?

A

Exons= coding

Introns=non-coding

35
Q

RNA is formed from a ________ form from DNA template

A

single chains of nucleotides

36
Q

in RNA adenine:___

A

uracil (NOT thymine)

37
Q

____is transcribed from DNA (via pre-mRNA which requires processing)

A

Messenger RNA

38
Q

____ transports specific amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on ribosomes

A

transfer RNA

39
Q

____ uses mRNA to arrange amino acids in the proper order to form a protein

A

ribosomal RNA

40
Q

cytosolic protein released directly into ___. Secreted proteins released into ____.

A

cytosol; endoplasmic reticulum

41
Q

the _____ are the base for nucleic acid (DNA,RNA) formation.

A

nucleosides

42
Q

The ____ are phosphorylated nucleosides. The waste product of nucleoside degradation is ____ (associated with gout)

A

nucleotides; uric acid

43
Q

the center of the phospholipid bilayer is ___ and the outer side is ___

A

hydrophobic; hydrophilic

44
Q

proteins are ___ (penetrate into membrane) or ____ (associate with membrane surface)

A

integral; peripheral

45
Q

many proteins have ____ attached (glycoproteins),which increase _____ and affects function

A

carbohydrates; hydrophilicity

46
Q

proteins can function as ___, ___,____, ___ ,___

A

ion pumps, adhesion molecules, hormone/cytokine receptors, enzymes, transporters

47
Q

the cell membranes are a very metabolically active or inactive part of most organelles?

A

active

48
Q

lysosomes are formed from _____

A

Golgi apparatus

49
Q

lysosomes contain multiple _____ for digestion of organic molecules

A

lytic enzymes

50
Q

protein fibers (microtubules, microfilaments) do what ?

A

maintain cell shape, allow movement, facilitate cell polarity, cytosolic transport

51
Q

proteins/ organelles that allow movement are made up of proteins such as __, ___, ___, ___ which form the contractile elements of __, ___, ___

A

actin, myosin, dyenin, kinesin; cilia, flagella, muscle

52
Q

____ allow organ formation and cell interactions

A

cell-cell junctions

53
Q

tight junctions have the ____; ____ and zona adherens have some strength but less than tight junctions

A

highest strength; desmosomes

54
Q

what junction helps adhere to basal lamina

A

hemidesmosomes

55
Q

what junction allows small molecule passage

A

gap junction

56
Q

Nucleus contains ____ (condensed chromosomes), and ____ (RNA rich regions)

A

chromatin; nucleolus

57
Q

the nuclear membrane is continuous with the _____. (exports mRNA for translation)

A

endoplasmic reticulum

58
Q

the endoplasmic reticulum has membrane tubules with ribosomes (—-) and without ribosomes (—-)

A

RER; SER

59
Q

endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in _______ (SER) and _____ (RER)

A

steroid synthesis (SER); protein synthesis (RER)

60
Q

Protein secretion occurs via connection of ___ with ___

A

RER with Golgi

61
Q

Somatic Cell division =

A

mitosis

62
Q

normal somatic cells are ___ (46 chromosomes)= 23 chromosome pairs per parent

A

diploid

63
Q

somatic cell division (mitosis) steps

A

g0, G1, S phase, G2, M phase

64
Q

G0 phase

A

quiescent, non-proliferative, normal state for most cells (diploid, 23 chromosomes pairs in humans)

65
Q

G1 phase

A

initial cell growth, mostly protein and lipid production

66
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis occurs to form tetraploid cells (twice as much DNA as normal, enough for 2 cells)

67
Q

G2 phase

A

continued cell growth before division

68
Q

M phase

A

Mitosis, with cell division to 2 diploid cells

69
Q

Gamete (germ cell ) division= ___

A

meiosis

70
Q

Meiosis is similar to mitosis through g2 phase but paired chromatids separate to form 4 ____ cells (23 chromosomes total)

A

haploid

71
Q

Meiosis has 2 stages: ___

A

mitosis 1 and mitosis 2

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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