Cellular and Molecular Basis for Medical Physiology Flashcards
Extracellular fluid is how much of total body fluid?
1/3 total body fluid
Intracellular Fluid is how much of total body fluid ?
2/3 total body fluid
Normal Plasma Osmality is
285-295mOsm/Kg (L)
isotonic=
normal tonicity
hypertonic >/= isotonic?
hypertonic > isotonic
in an isotonic solution water would flow out of cell and cause shrinkage
hypotonic >/= isotonic?
hypotonic < isotonic
in an isotonic solution water will flow into cell and cause bursting
Osmolality is calculated using what three electrolytes?
sodium (Na), Glucose, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
The osmolality of fluids affects __
water movement across cell and other semipermeable membranes
energy is transferred to ___ for use in ____ to generate compounds with high-energy phosphate bonds (ATP, GTP, CoA)
transferred to coenzyme H+ acceptors such as NAD, NADP, FAD for use in oxidative phosphorylation
what is the ultimate source of energy for biological reactions?
compounds with high energy phosphate bonds - ATP,GTP, CoA
Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle: oxidative phosphorylation occurs in _____
mitochondria
does the Krebs cycle oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen? how many ATP/glucose does it produce?
-requires oxygen
36 ATP/ glucose produced
Fatty acids are carried from cytosol into mitochondria by ______ metabolized in ______
fatty acyl carnitine metabolized in mitochondria
energy from fat: ___ and ___
B-oxidation in Mitochondria and keto genesis
ketogenesis
organisms produce ketone bodies through breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids
ketones in the blood or urine suggests that fat is being metabolized at a ___ rate
high
Glycolysis is the generation of __ from glucose?
How many ATP’s per glucose is made.
pyruvate; 2 ATP per glucose
Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic? Where does it take place?
anaerobic; cytoplasm
Krebs citric acid cycle anaerobic or aerobic? where does it take place?
Aerobic, mitochondria
Glycogenolysis
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose 1 phosphate
gluconeogenesis
other substrates (like amino acids) are used to make glucose for other cells to use for energy
Fatty acyl carnitine transports fatty acids in the ___ to the ___
cytosol to the mitochondria
Acetal CoA is the precursor to the synthesis of ____ in _____
cholesterol in sterols
in oder for acetal CoA to enter into the cycle, _____ must be present. If it in not/llimited, acytlCoA takes a different path that leads to ____
oxaloacetate; ketones
energy from proteins: proteins serves as a ___ for synthesis of all proteins in our body & can also be metabolized for ____
substrate; energy
liver function tests=
transaminases
what are two transaminases
AST= aspartate aminotransferase ALT= Alanine aminotransferase
what are transaminases?
functional enzymes that are important to normal metabolism
the urea cycle takes place in the ___ and converts highly toxic ___ into less toxic ____ to be excreted waste in urine
liver; NH3/NH4; urea
DNA is formed from ______ which bind together in a helical form by ____
2 chains of nucleotides; H bonds
Adenine-___
Cytosine-____
A: thymine
C: Guanine
the superstructure of chromosomes is held together with ____ and other proteins
histones
___ are discontinuous sequences of DNA which code for the ____ of a single peptide chain
Genes; amino acid sequence
Exons are coding/noncoding part of chain?
introns are coding/noncoding part of chain?
Exons= coding
Introns=non-coding
RNA is formed from a ________ form from DNA template
single chains of nucleotides
in RNA adenine:___
uracil (NOT thymine)
____is transcribed from DNA (via pre-mRNA which requires processing)
Messenger RNA
____ transports specific amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on ribosomes
transfer RNA
____ uses mRNA to arrange amino acids in the proper order to form a protein
ribosomal RNA
cytosolic protein released directly into ___. Secreted proteins released into ____.
cytosol; endoplasmic reticulum
the _____ are the base for nucleic acid (DNA,RNA) formation.
nucleosides
The ____ are phosphorylated nucleosides. The waste product of nucleoside degradation is ____ (associated with gout)
nucleotides; uric acid
the center of the phospholipid bilayer is ___ and the outer side is ___
hydrophobic; hydrophilic
proteins are ___ (penetrate into membrane) or ____ (associate with membrane surface)
integral; peripheral
many proteins have ____ attached (glycoproteins),which increase _____ and affects function
carbohydrates; hydrophilicity
proteins can function as ___, ___,____, ___ ,___
ion pumps, adhesion molecules, hormone/cytokine receptors, enzymes, transporters
the cell membranes are a very metabolically active or inactive part of most organelles?
active
lysosomes are formed from _____
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes contain multiple _____ for digestion of organic molecules
lytic enzymes
protein fibers (microtubules, microfilaments) do what ?
maintain cell shape, allow movement, facilitate cell polarity, cytosolic transport
proteins/ organelles that allow movement are made up of proteins such as __, ___, ___, ___ which form the contractile elements of __, ___, ___
actin, myosin, dyenin, kinesin; cilia, flagella, muscle
____ allow organ formation and cell interactions
cell-cell junctions
tight junctions have the ____; ____ and zona adherens have some strength but less than tight junctions
highest strength; desmosomes
what junction helps adhere to basal lamina
hemidesmosomes
what junction allows small molecule passage
gap junction
Nucleus contains ____ (condensed chromosomes), and ____ (RNA rich regions)
chromatin; nucleolus
the nuclear membrane is continuous with the _____. (exports mRNA for translation)
endoplasmic reticulum
the endoplasmic reticulum has membrane tubules with ribosomes (—-) and without ribosomes (—-)
RER; SER
endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in _______ (SER) and _____ (RER)
steroid synthesis (SER); protein synthesis (RER)
Protein secretion occurs via connection of ___ with ___
RER with Golgi
Somatic Cell division =
mitosis
normal somatic cells are ___ (46 chromosomes)= 23 chromosome pairs per parent
diploid
somatic cell division (mitosis) steps
g0, G1, S phase, G2, M phase
G0 phase
quiescent, non-proliferative, normal state for most cells (diploid, 23 chromosomes pairs in humans)
G1 phase
initial cell growth, mostly protein and lipid production
S phase
DNA synthesis occurs to form tetraploid cells (twice as much DNA as normal, enough for 2 cells)
G2 phase
continued cell growth before division
M phase
Mitosis, with cell division to 2 diploid cells
Gamete (germ cell ) division= ___
meiosis
Meiosis is similar to mitosis through g2 phase but paired chromatids separate to form 4 ____ cells (23 chromosomes total)
haploid
Meiosis has 2 stages: ___
mitosis 1 and mitosis 2
