General and Local Anesthetics Flashcards
What are the stages of anesthesia?
Analgesia
Disinhibition
Surgical anesthesia
Medullary depression
What is Minimum Alveolar Concentration
Measure of potency
Alveolar concentration required to eliminate the response to standardized painful stimulus in 50% of patients
What is a common SE of inhaled anesthetics?
Additive CNS depression
What is the MOA of inhalational general anesthetics?
Facilitates GABA-mediaed inhibition
Blocks brain NMDA and ACh-N receptors
What is a known SE of nitrous oxide?
Megaloblastic anemia
Euphoria (laughing gas)
Bronchodilation
Which inhaled anesthetic does not cause bronchodilation
Desflurane
What halonated anesthetic agents cause severe hepatic dysfunction?
S-I-D-E Sevoflurane Isoflurane Desflurane Enflurane
Which inhalational agents have the lowest and the highest potency?
Nitrous oxide: lowest potency, highest MAC
Methoxyflurane: highest potency, lowest MAC
What is the MOA of Etomidate?
Modulates GABA receptors containing beta 3 subunits
What is the MOA of Fentanyl and other opioid analgesics?
Interact with mu, sigma, and kappa receptors for endogenous opioid peptides
For high risk patients who might not survive general anesthesia
This drug is called the “Milk of Amnesia”
Propofol: for prolonged sedation in ICU patients and OPD surgeries
What are the two drug classes of local anesthesia?
Amides
Esters
Which local anesthetic has the shortest and the longest half-lives?
Procaine: shortest (pro = finishes first)
Ropivacaine: longest (longest ROPe)
What is the MOA of local anesthetics?
Block voltage-dependent Na channels -> preventing depolarization
Relationship of local anesthesia with electrolytes?
Hyperkalemia: enhances local anesthetic activity
Hypercalcemia: antagonizes anesthetic activity
