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General Anatomy and Biology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The structure of organisms

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

The functions and activities of organisms

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3
Q

Describe the structure of the human body from atom to human being

A
  1. Atoms come together to form…
  2. Molecules, which come together to form an…
  3. Organelle, which comes together with other organelles to form a…
  4. Cell, a group of cells working together come together to form a…
  5. Tissue, tissues working together and to perform a similar function form an…
  6. Organ, a group of organs working together to perform a specific function form an…
  7. Organ system, a group of organ systems working together to perform different duties to maintain life make a…
  8. Human being
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4
Q

What is a cell?

A

A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms

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5
Q

What are the three main parts of the cell?

A
  1. The cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
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6
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

The fluid that stores organelles and allows transport of molecules

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7
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is the cells organelles + cytosol

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8
Q

What is the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope

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9
Q

What is the endomembrane system (EMS)?

A

The endomembrane system is responsible for packaging, modifying and transporting proteins and lipids

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10
Q

What do nuclear pores do?

A

Nuclear pores allow transport of proteins and molecules in and out of the cell

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11
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

It is the site of DNA replication and it holds the cell’s DNA.

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12
Q

What are nuclesomes?

A

Nucleosomes are DNA wrapped around histones

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13
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

A chromatin is a group of eight histones that have DNA wrapped around them. It is essentially condensed nucleosomes that gather together and form chromatin.

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14
Q

What shape are chromosomes when the cell is not replicating?

A

They are straight and not x-shaped

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15
Q

Where are ribosomes assembled.

A

The nucleolus has RNA which is responsible for protein synthesis

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16
Q

What molecules do ribosomes synthesize?

A

They synthesize proteins, their location determines whether proteins leave or stay in the cell.

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17
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

Mitochondria have a double membrane like the nucleus

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18
Q

Is the mitochondria part of the EMS?

A

The mitochondria is not part of the EMS

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19
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

It is the site of ATP synthesis from food

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20
Q

What is the cristae?

A

The cristae is the inner curled layer of the mitochondrial membrane

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21
Q

What is stored in the cristae?

A

Proteins for ATP synthesis

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22
Q

What is the fluid in the mitochondria called?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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23
Q

What is stored in the fluid in the mitochondria?

A

Ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA

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24
Q

How do humans inherit mitochondrial DNA?

A

They inherit it from their mothers

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25
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

The endosymbiont theory says that mitochondria are alien to animals and may have developed from prokaryotic cells hence the presence of DNA in them

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26
Q

What is DNA outside the nucleus called?

A

Extrachromosomal DNA

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27
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough and smooth

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28
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To synthesize molecules that go to the other parts of the cell

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29
Q

Is the Endoplasmic Reticulum part of the EMS?

A

Yes

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30
Q

How many membranes does the ER have?

A

One

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31
Q

Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum called rough?

A

It has ribosomes

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32
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes and modifies proteins for transport to other parts of the cell.

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33
Q

Why is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum called smooth?

A

It has no ribosomes

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34
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is lipid synthesis

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35
Q

How does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum help with toxins?

A

It helps with detoxification of cells

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36
Q

What are the transport vesicles?

A

The transport vesicles transport molecules to parts of the cell

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37
Q

Are transport vesicles part of the EMS?

A

Yes

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38
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Exocytosis is the transporting of materials outside the cell

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39
Q

How many membranes does the golfi apparatus have?

A

One

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40
Q

What is the cisternae?

A

The cisternae are flat folds of the Golgi apparatus

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41
Q

What are the two faces of the golgi?

A

Trans face and the cis face

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42
Q

What is the function of the cis face of the Golgi apparatus?

A

The cis face of the Golgi accepts transport vesicles from the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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43
Q

What is the function of the trans face of the Golgi apparatus?

A

The trans face of the Golgi apparatus sorts and transports modified proteins and lipids to other parts of the cell or to be excreted

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44
Q

What does the center of the Golgi do?

A

The center of the Golgi modifies molecules by adding extra chemicals to them

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45
Q

How does the Golgi ensure that modified molecules end up in the right place?

A

By encoding vesicles with signaling sequences to determine where the final product should be transported

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46
Q

What is responsible for sorting vesicular transport in the cell?

A

COP I, COP II and Clathrin protein coated complex vesicles

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47
Q

What direction do COP I coated vesicles head in?

A

Retrograde, from the cis Golgi to the Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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48
Q

What direction do COP II coated vesicles head in?

A

Anterograde, from the Rough endoplasmic reticulum to the cis Golgi

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49
Q

What direction do the clathrin coated vesicles head in?

A

Trans Golgi to lysosomes and receptor mediated endocytosis which brings new stuff in the cell

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50
Q

What is the function of both lysosomes and peroxisomes?

A

Digesting matter within the cell

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51
Q

Are lysosomes part of the EMS?

A

Yes, they are membrane bound

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52
Q

What type of enzymes do lysosomes have?

A

They have hydrolitic enzymes

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53
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes break down cellular matter and molecules using hydrolitic enzymes

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54
Q

What is the process of autophagy?

A

Autophagy is the digestion of a cells matter using lysosomes

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55
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis is the breakdown of matter from outside the cell using lysosomes

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56
Q

What is the process of autolysis?

A

Autolysis is the process of cell death that occurs when lysosomes release hydrolitic enzymes into the cell

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57
Q

When does autolysis occur?

A

It occurs when a cell is injured or diseased

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58
Q

Are peroxisomes part of the EMS?

A

No, despite being membrane bound

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59
Q

Through what process do peroxisomes break down molecules?

A

Oxidation

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60
Q

What material do peroxisomes form?

A

They form hydrogen peroxide by stealing hydrogen from substrates using enzymes

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61
Q

What material do peroxisomes breakdown with enzymes?

A

Hydrogen peroxide broken down into water and oxygen

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62
Q

What part do peroxisomes play in detoxification?

A

They neutralize toxins in the cell

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63
Q

What substance do peroxisomes metabolize?

A

They metabolize fatty acids

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64
Q

What happens to the substance that is metabolized by peroxisomes?

A

The metabolized fatty acids are used in energy production for the cell

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65
Q

Which cell components manufacture some lysosomes?

A

Cell membrane and Golgi apparatus

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66
Q

What is another name for the cell membrane?

A

Plasma membrane

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67
Q

What is the inside of the cell called?

A

Intracellular membrane

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68
Q

What is the outside of the cell called?

A

The extracellular membrane

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69
Q

What does the “fluid” of the “fluid membrane mosaic mode” mean?

A

The contents is the cell membrane are always moving

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70
Q

What does the “mosaic” of the “fluid mosaic model” mean?

A

It means the cell membrane has lipids carbs and proteins or more than one substance

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71
Q

Describe the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane

A

Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail

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72
Q

What function does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?

A

The cholesterol stabilizes the phospholipids in the cell membrane

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73
Q

How does cholesterol regulate membrane fluidity at different temperatures ?

A

By making cell membrane more fluid at low temps and keeping it from becoming more fluid at high temps

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74
Q

How does cholesterol prevent harmful materials from accumulating in the cell?

A

It fills in the gaps of the phospholipid bilayer preventing harmful substances from entering

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75
Q

What is the third type of fatty cell in the membrane?

A

Sphingolipids

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76
Q

What is a caveat about the use and number of sphingolipids in the cell?

A

Their use and number depends on cell type

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77
Q

What is the type of lipids found in the fluid membrane?

A

Lipid rafts

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78
Q

What material are lipid rafts high in?

A

They are high in both cholesterol and sphingolipids

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79
Q

How does the high presence of cholesterol and sphingolipids affect the speed of lipid rafts?

A

It slows down their movement

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80
Q

What part does the speed of lipid rafts play in protein attachment?

A

They aid in protein attachment and cell signaling

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81
Q

What are flippases?

A

Flippases are enzymes that use ATP to change the direction of phospholipids from one end of the plasma membrane to the other

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82
Q

What are transmembrane proteins?

A

They are cell membrane proteins that occur in the entire cell membrane

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83
Q

What types of transmembranes proteins are available?

A

Channel
Transporters
Receptors

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84
Q

What do transmembrane proteins do?

A

They connect the cytosol to the extracellular environment

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85
Q

What are embedded proteins?

A

Embedded proteins are proteins found in both the cell membrane and intracellular membrane

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86
Q

What are both transmembrane and embedded proteins referred to as?

A

Integral proteins because they are built into the cell membrane

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87
Q

What is another name for peripheral proteins?

A

Membrane associated proteins

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88
Q

Describe the location of the peripheral proteins

A

Peripheral proteins are not fully integrated into the inner cell membrane or free flowing in the cytoplasm they are bound the the phospholipid bilayer or trans membrane proteins

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89
Q

Where are carbohydrates found?

A

Extracellular matrix

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90
Q

How are carbs found in the cellular membrane?

A

They bind themselves to lipids or proteins to make glycolipids or glycoproteins

91
Q

What function do carbohydrates play in the cells?

A

They help with cell signaling

92
Q

How do cells use carbohydrates to communicate?

A

They can tell what type of cell a cell is based on the carbohydrate group attached to the cell. E.G different blood groups have different types of carbohydrate groups

93
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein in cells that contains many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences and DNA-bound proteins.

94
Q

What is an autosome?

A

An autosome is any chromosome not considered to be a sex chromosome or not involved in sex determination

95
Q

What is RNA?

A

RNA stands for ribonucleic acid which consists of long, single chains of chemical bases along a sugar phosphate backbone.

96
Q

Why is RNA transported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

A

It is transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in order to direct the formation of proteins

97
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

Ribosomes are granular, cytoplasmic organelles composed of RNA.

98
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Ribosomes provide enzymes that link amino acids for protein synthesis.

99
Q

What is histology?

A

The microscopic study of tissues

100
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ that contains special cells that secrete substances.

101
Q

What is a unicellular gland?

A

Glands that consist of only one cell

102
Q

What are multicellular glands?

A

Glands that may be classified on the basis of:
-structure (simple or compound),
-type of secretion(mucous, serous or mixed),
-presence or absence of ducts(exocrine or endocrine),
-characteristics of secreting units(alveolar or acinar)
-manner of secretion(merocrine, apocrine or holocrine)

103
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

A goblet cell is a unicellular exocrine gland. Goblet cells produce mucus in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

104
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue that:
-connects,
-protects,
-supports, and
-forms a framework for all body structures.

105
Q

What type of tissues are considered connective tissues?

A

-Loose fibrous tissue
-Adipose tissue
-Dense fibrous tissue
-Cartilage
-Bone
-Blood

106
Q

What is loose fibrous tissue?

A

Tissue that fills spaces in the body and binds structures together

107
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

A specialized form of loose fibrous tissue that provides insulation. It is typically called fat.

108
Q

What is dense fibrous tissue?

A

Connective tissue that forms tendons and ligaments

109
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A hard, dense connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a matrix that can withstand considerable pressure and tension.

110
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

-provides support,
-a framework, and
-attachment
-protects underlying tissues
-forms structural models for many developing bones

111
Q

What doesn’t cartilage contain?

A

It does not contain nerves or blood supply

112
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

-Hyaline
-Fibrous
-Elastic

113
Q

What is bone?

A

A hard, connective tissue consisting of specialized cells embedded in a matrix of hardened mineral salts.

114
Q

What is blood?

A

The only type of connective tissue that is liquid, composed of cells suspended in a fluid matrix called plasma.

115
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Tissue found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves

116
Q

What is the fundamental unit of bone called?

A

Haversian system or osteon

117
Q

What is a muscle tissue?

A

Tissue that provides movement,
Maintains posture
Produces heat

118
Q

What is muscle tissue composed of?

A

Elongated muscle fibers that can contract and thereby move body parts

119
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

-Cardiac
-Skeletal
-Smooth

120
Q

Where in the body is skeletal muscle found?

A

Skeletal muscle is found attached to bones and is controlled voluntarily.

121
Q

Where in the body is smooth muscle found?

A

Smooth muscle lines the walls of hollow internal organs

122
Q

Of the three muscle types, which is not striated?

A

Smooth muscle

123
Q

Where in the body is cardiac muscle found?

A

It is found in the heart

124
Q

Of the three types of muscles which are controlled involuntarily?

A
125
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

A sarcoma is a malignant tumor that is formed in the connective tissue.

126
Q

What are the types of epithelial tissue?

A

-Simple squamous
-Simple cuboidal
-Simple columnar
-Stratified squamous
-Transitional

127
Q

What is simple squamous tissue?

A

Single layer of thin, flat cells

128
Q

Where is the location of simple squamous tissue?

A

Alveoli of the lungs, capillary walls

129
Q

What is simple cuboidal tissue?

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells

130
Q

Where is the location of simple cuboidal tissue?

A

Ovary, thyroid gland

131
Q

What is simple columnar tissue?

A

Single layer of tall cells

132
Q

Where is simple columnar tissue found?

A

Intestines, stomach

133
Q

What is stratified squamous tissue?

A

Several layers of cells with flat cells at the free surface

134
Q

Where is stratified squamous tissue found in the body?

A

-Skin
-Vagina
-Anus

135
Q

What is transitional tissue?

A

Transitional tissue is tissue that is specialized to change in response to increased tension

136
Q

What happens to transitional tissue during distention?

A

The cells become thinner

137
Q

Where is transitional tissue found?

A

Urinary Bladder

138
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

It is a secretory cell that remains intact during secretion

139
Q

Where are cells with merocrine secretion found?

A

-Salivary glands
-Certain sweat glands
-Pancreatic glands

140
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

Pertaining to a secretory cell that contributes part of its protoplasm to the secretion

141
Q

Where are cells with apocrine secretions located in the body ?

A

-Mammary glands
-Certain sweat glands

142
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

Pertaining to a secretory cell that produces secretions consisting of altered cells of the same glands

143
Q

Where in the body are cells that have holocrine secretions found?

A

Sebaceous glands

144
Q

What is a membrane?

A

A membrane is a layer of tissue that lines the bodies cavities, covers organs or separates structures

145
Q

What is a membrane?

A

A membrane is a layer of tissue that lines the bodies cavities, covers organs or separates structures

146
Q

What is another name for skin?

A

The cutaneous membrane

147
Q

What is the epithelial membrane?

A

Epithelial membranes consist of epithelial tissue and the connective tissue attached to it

148
Q

What are the epithelial membranes found in the body?

A

Serous and mucous membranes

149
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

Serous membranes are a single layer of squamous cells that line closed body cavities resting on a thin layer of connective tissue

150
Q

Where are serous membranes found in the body?

A

-The pleura
-The peritoneum
-The pericardium

151
Q

What are the connective tissue membranes of the human body?

A

Synovial membranes and the meninges

152
Q

What are the meninges?

A

The three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.

153
Q

What are the membranes of the three meninges?

A

From outermost to innermost:
-dura mater
-arachnoid
-pia mater

154
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

An adenoma is a benign tumor of the epithelial cells

155
Q

What is an adenocarcinoma?

A

A malignant tumor that originates in the glandular eoithelium

156
Q

What are the four types of tissues found in the human body?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
157
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue is tissue that covers the external and internal surfaces of the body

158
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?

A

1.Skin
2.Kidney tubules
3.Intestines
4.Nasal passages
5.Lining of blood vessels
6.inner lining of organs
7.neck of uterus
8.endocrine and exocrine glands

159
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A

Surface and glandular

160
Q

What is the apical surface of the body?

A

The surface of the cell that faces the external environment

161
Q

What is the basal surface of the cell?

A

This is the part of epithelial cells that interact with the basement membrane

162
Q

What is the lateral surface of the cell?

A

They are the sites where adjacent cells interconnect

163
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Microvilli are protrusions of the cell membrane that serve to increase the apial surface for absorption.

164
Q

Which surfaces are microvilli normally on?

A

Surfaces that want to increase absorption like the small intestines

165
Q

Why do we say epithelial cells exhibit polarity?

A

They have three different regions which are all different in structure and function.

166
Q

What are microvilli good for?

A

They are good for increasing the surface area of a cell

167
Q

What are cilia good for?

A

-Removal of foreign substances from epithelial surface
-Transportation of signals from the extracellular matrix to the intercellular space
-Fetal development

168
Q

What are stereocilia good for?

A

-Absorption
-Mechano-sensory reception

169
Q

What are the three types of cilia?

A

-motile
-non-motile
-nodal

170
Q

What are basal cells attached to?

A

They are attached to the basement membrane

171
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

The basal lamina is another name for the basement membrane

172
Q

What is the basal lamina made of?

A
  1. Glycoprotein (laminin, perlecan, entactin)
  2. Collagens
173
Q

What is the reticular lamina?

A

It is collagen’s fibers that connect the basal lamina to the connective tissue underneath?

174
Q

What is the basal lamina + reticular lamina called?

A

Basement membrane

175
Q

In what form are epithelial tissue typically found?

A

Epithelial cells are typically found in sheets

176
Q

What are epithelial cells commonly bound with?

A

Intercellular junctions

177
Q

What are the types of intracellular junctions between epithelial cells?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Gap junctions
  3. Desmosomes
  4. Hemidesmosomes
178
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Intercellular junctions that block the space between cells making them impassable

179
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Desmosomes connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells

180
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Passage ways between adjacent cells that allow the transfer of molecules between adjacent cells

181
Q

What are anchoring junctions?

A

A cell matrix junction that anchors the cell to the basement membrane

182
Q

Why are epithelial cells considered avascular?

A

That means they have no blood vessels but receive nutrients via diffusion from the blood vessels of the lamina propria

183
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

A layer of connective tissue that attaches to the basal surface of the basement membrane. It holds the epithelial tissue that is glued to the deep tissue and contains blood vessels that nourish the epithelial tissue

184
Q

Why are epithelial cells considered innervated?

A

They are supplied with nerve endings

185
Q

Why do epithelial cells regenerate quickly?

A

They have a high mitotic rate meaning they divide quickly when damaged which allows them to constantly replace old cells

186
Q

What are simple epithelial cells?

A

One layer of epithelial cells laying on a basement membrane

187
Q

What are stratified epithelium?

A

They are two or more layers of epithelial cells

188
Q

What is the typical shape of epithelial cells?

A

Hexagonal with varying height depending on type of cell

189
Q

What are squamous cells?

A

They are flat, scale like epithelial cells

190
Q

What are cuboidal epithelial cells?

A

They are cube shaped epithelial cells

191
Q

What are columnal epithelial cells?

A

They are cells that look like columns

192
Q

What are simple squamous epithelial cells used for?

A

It is good for passing molecules through diffusion

193
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelial cells found?

A
  1. Bowman’s Capsule
  2. Lung Alveoli
  3. Endothelium
  4. Mesothelium
194
Q

What are simple cuboidal epithelial cells good for?

A

Protection and secretory, absorption and excretory functions.

195
Q

What are simple columnar epithelial cells good for?

A

Protection, Secretion, Absorption and Excretory functions.

196
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelial cells found in the body?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Intestines
  3. Gallbladder
  4. Stomach
  5. Inner enamel epithelium
  6. Respiratory Tract
197
Q

What are pseudo stratified columnar epithelium cells good for?

A

Secretion and protection

198
Q

Where are pseudo stratified columnar epithelium cells found in the body?

A
  1. Paranasal Sinus
  2. Nasal Cavity
  3. Nasopharynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
199
Q

What are stratified squamous epithelium cells good for?

A

Protection and abrasion against water loss

200
Q

What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A
  1. Keratinized
  2. Non- keratinized
201
Q

What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A
  1. Keratinized
  2. Non- keratinized
202
Q

What is the difference between stratified keratinized squamous epithelial cells and stratified non-keratinized epithelial cells?

A

Non keratinized cells do not desquamate(to peel off as in scales)

203
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelial cells found?

A
  1. Vagina
  2. Anal canal
  3. Larynx
  4. Outer layer of Cornea
  5. Oral cavity
  6. Esophagus
204
Q

What are stratified cuboidal epithelium cells good for?

A

Protective tissue layer

205
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelium cells found in the body?

A
  1. Sweat glands
  2. Large ducts of excretory glands
  3. Anorectal junction
  4. Ovarian follicles
206
Q

What are stratified columnar epithelium cells good for?

A

Secretory and protective functions

207
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelium cells found in the body?

A
  1. Conjuctiva of the eye
  2. Ampullae in the inner ear
  3. Retina of the eye
  4. Largest ducts of exocrine glands
  5. Organ of Corti
  6. Taste buds
208
Q

What are transitional epithelium good for?

A

Good for organs that distend as these cells can change shape to accommodate distending

209
Q

Where are transitional epithelium cells found in the body?

A
  1. Urinary tract (some parts)
  2. Renal calcyes
  3. Ureters
  4. Urinary bladder
210
Q

What are glandular epithelium good for?

A

Specialized to pick up substances from the blood and modify them into a product that is then released from the cell

211
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A
  1. Endocrine and Exocrine glands
  2. Multicellular and Unicellular glands
212
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the processes that an organism undergoes in order to maintain a stable internal environment as changes occur in the outside.

213
Q

What is homeostatic regulation?

A

It is the process by which organisms maintain homeostasis by making constant changes and monitoring changes in conditions.

214
Q

What three things are needed for homeostatic regulation?

A
  1. A receptor
  2. A control center
  3. An effector
215
Q

What is the receptor part of the homeostatic regulation?

A

It is a receptor that receives information about a change in the environment

216
Q

What is the control center part of homeostasic regulation?

A

It receives and processes the information from the receptor

217
Q

What is the purpose of the effector part of homeostatic regulation?

A

It responds to signals from the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus.

218
Q

What is the signal sent by the homeostatic regulation effector called?

A

It is called feedback

219
Q

What two types of feedback are there to respond to changes in the environment of an organism in order to maintain homeostasis?

A
  1. Positive feedback
  2. Negative feedback
220
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback is when the effector opposes a stimulus and reverses the direction of change. E.g when it is cold outside, the body responds by producing heat.

221
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Positive feedback occurs when the effector reinforces the stimulus. The effector amplifies the effect of the stimulus. E.g during childbirth, the baby’s head presses on the cervix releasing oxytocin, the release of oxytocin stimulates stronger contractions and leads to wider dilation of the cervix until the baby is pushed out.

222
Q

Which type of feedback is more popular in the body?

A

Negative feedback.

223
Q

Why is positive feedback not always a welcome response to a stimulus in the body?

A

It leads to imbalance in the internal environment e.g when a high fever continues to rise.

Medical Assisting (21 decks)

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