General A&P Flashcards
What is the basic organizational unit of all living things?
the cell
What is cell membrane composed of?
phospholipids
This type of protein helps certain molecules and ions move in-and-out of cells.
transport holes
Cells are filled with a fluid called _____.
cytoplasm aka cytosol
This group of complex molecules helps with cell survival.
organelles
Each cell consist of which 3 things?
nucleic acid
cytoplasms
cell membrane
Process of cell-to-organism formation.
cells > tissue > organs > systems
Purpose of ribosomes.
synthesize proteins from amino acids
make up 1/4 of a cell
Purpose of Golgi complex aka Golgi apparatus
synthesizing materials
located near the nucleus
Purpose of vacuoles
sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal
Purpose of vesicle.
moving materials within a cell
Purpose of cytoskeleton
consist of microtubules that help shape and support cells
Purpose of microtubules. What are they made of?
helps support the cell
made of protein
What is cytosol?
Liquid material in a cell; mostly water
What is cytoplasm?
organelles found in the plasma membrane (NOT in the nucleus)
Purpose of cell membrane aka plasma membrane
acts as a barrier; determines what is allowed to enter and exit a cell
What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?
rough and smooth
Rough vs. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Rough: ribosomes on the surface
Smooth: NO ribosomes on the surface
Purpose of endoplasmic reticulum
transport system of a cell
fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane
Purpose of mitochondrion aka mitochondria
generating ATP
cell growth and death
Mitochondria contain their own DNA separate from that in the nucleus. T or F.
True
4 functions of mitochondria
produce cell energy
cell signaling (cell communication)
cellular differentiation (nondiff cells are transformed into a cell with a specialized purpose)
cell cycle and growth regulation
Which of the mitochondria functions is the main purpose?
producing cellular energy
What in located inside a mitochondria?
matrix
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
ribosomes
What is located between the inner and outer membrane of a mitochondria?
folds aka cristae
What does aerobic respiration occur?
mitochondria
Centrosome is invloed in ____ and the ____ _____.
mitosis; cell cycle
Centrosomes occur in pairs called centrioles. T or F.
True
located at right angles to each other; surrounded by protein
Centrioles shape
cylinder-shaped; located near the nucleus
Centrioles are involved in _____ _______.
cellular division
Each cylinder-shaped centriole has how many groups of THREE microtubules?
9
Purpose of lysosome
digest proteins, lipids, and carbs
transport undigested substances to the cell membrane for removal
What is cilia (singular: cilium)?
appendages expending from the cell surface, movement of which causes the cell to move
What is flagella?
Similar to cilia but are longer and not as numerous (usually on 1 or a few)
whip like movement helps with cell movement
What is the defining structure of a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus
What is a nucleus?
small structure containing chromosomes; regulates DNA
responsible for passing genetic traits
The nucleus contains what 6 structures?
nuclear envelope nucleoplasm nucleolus nuclear pores chromatin ribosomes
DNA is short for
deoxyribonucleic acid
What are chromosomes?
highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA
What is chromatin?
DNA and protein that makes up a chromosome
Purpose of nucleolus
protein synthesis; synthesizes and stores RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Nucleolus contains a membrane. T or F.
False
What is the nuclear envelope?
encloses nucleus
inner and outer membranes are made of lipids
Purpose of nuclear pores
exchange material between nucleus and cytoplam
What is nucleoplasm?
liquid within the nucleus
cell membrane is aka what?
plasma membrane
What is the cell membrane?
semipermeable membrane of lipids and proteins
isolates the cell rom external environment will enabling the cell to communicate with the outside environment
Cell membrane consists of which 6 things?
phospholipid bilayer (aka double layer)
hydrophilic ends (facing inside or outside)
hydrophobic ends (facing each other)
cholesterol (adds stiffness and flexibility)
glycolipids (helps recognize other cells)
proteins (gives cell shape)
Ions are like charges are _____.
repelled
Ions with opposite charges are _____.
attracted to the cell surface
What is cell cycle?
Process by which a cell reproduces
involves cell growth, duplication of genetic material, and cell division
An entire cell cycle can take how long?
24 hours
What are the 2 ways cells can reproduce?
meiosis and mitosis
What is a daughter cell?
exact replica of the parent cell
occurs with mitosis
What is meiosis?
daughter cells have different genetic coding than the parent cell
Meiosis can only occur with what?
Gametes (special reproductive cells)
What is differentiation?
process that helps determine the cell type for each cell
What is gastrulation?
early phase of embryonic development
What are the 3 primary germ layers during gastrulation?
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
The nervous system is developed from the ____.
ectoderm
The muscular system is developed from the ____.
mesoderm
The digestive system is developed from the _____.
endoderm
What are the 6 different phases during mitosis?
interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis
What occurs during mitosis interphase?
cell prepares of division by replicating genetic and cytoplasmic material
further broken down into G1, S, and G2.
What occurs during mitosis prophase?
chromatin thickens; nuclear membrane disintegrate
pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides
spindle fibers being to form
mitotic spindle moves chromosomes around the cell wall
What occurs during mitosis metaphase?
spindle moves to cell center; chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle structure
What occurs during mitosis anaphase?
pairs of chromosomes (aka sisters) pull apart; once separated, they are called daughter chromosomes
what occurs during mitosis telophase?
spindle disintegrates; nuclear membrane reforms
chromosomes revert to chromatin
what occurs during mitosis cytokinesis?
the cell splits (including cytoplasm) into 2 cells
Meiosis occurs in the same form as mitosis expect what?
It happens TWICE!
After it is completed the interphase-cytokinesis, there are now 2 cells in which the phases are repeated on both cells.
How many cells are there after meiosis has completed?
FOUR daughter cells, each with different sets of chromosomes
Daughter cells after meiosis are called ____.
Haploid (contain half the genetic material of the parent cell)
Tissue can be divided into how many categories?
7
What are the 7 categories of tissue?
Epithelial Connective Cartilage Blood Bone Muscle Nervous
What is epithelial tissue?
cells joined together tightly
example: skin tissue
What is connective tissue?
dense, loose, or fatty; connects and bind body parts
example: bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, and lymph
What is cartilage?
provides structural support for body parts; jelly like and fibrous
What does muscle do?
helps support and move the body
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
What does nervous tissue do?
cells (neurons) form a network through the body that controls responses to change in external or internal environments
Where is nerve tissue located?
brain, spinal cored, and nerves
How many major organ systems are there?
11
What are the 11 major organ systems?
integumentary respiratory cardiovascular endocrine nervous immune digestive excretory muscular skeletal reproductive
What does cephalic and cephalic mean?
towards the head
What does caudal mean?
towards the tail
What are the 3 main planes of the body?
transverse (horizontal)
sagittal (vertical)
coronal (frontal, vertical)
Transverse plane
superior and inferior halves
Sagittal plane
L and R halves
Coronal plane
anterior and posterior halves
