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HESI A2 > General A&P > Flashcards

General A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic organizational unit of all living things?

A

the cell

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2
Q

What is cell membrane composed of?

A

phospholipids

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3
Q

This type of protein helps certain molecules and ions move in-and-out of cells.

A

transport holes

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4
Q

Cells are filled with a fluid called _____.

A

cytoplasm aka cytosol

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5
Q

This group of complex molecules helps with cell survival.

A

organelles

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6
Q

Each cell consist of which 3 things?

A

nucleic acid
cytoplasms
cell membrane

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7
Q

Process of cell-to-organism formation.

A

cells > tissue > organs > systems

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8
Q

Purpose of ribosomes.

A

synthesize proteins from amino acids

make up 1/4 of a cell

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9
Q

Purpose of Golgi complex aka Golgi apparatus

A

synthesizing materials

located near the nucleus

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10
Q

Purpose of vacuoles

A

sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal

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11
Q

Purpose of vesicle.

A

moving materials within a cell

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12
Q

Purpose of cytoskeleton

A

consist of microtubules that help shape and support cells

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13
Q

Purpose of microtubules. What are they made of?

A

helps support the cell

made of protein

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14
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Liquid material in a cell; mostly water

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15
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

organelles found in the plasma membrane (NOT in the nucleus)

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16
Q

Purpose of cell membrane aka plasma membrane

A

acts as a barrier; determines what is allowed to enter and exit a cell

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

rough and smooth

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18
Q

Rough vs. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Rough: ribosomes on the surface
Smooth: NO ribosomes on the surface

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19
Q

Purpose of endoplasmic reticulum

A

transport system of a cell

fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane

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20
Q

Purpose of mitochondrion aka mitochondria

A

generating ATP

cell growth and death

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21
Q

Mitochondria contain their own DNA separate from that in the nucleus. T or F.

A

True

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22
Q

4 functions of mitochondria

A

produce cell energy
cell signaling (cell communication)
cellular differentiation (nondiff cells are transformed into a cell with a specialized purpose)
cell cycle and growth regulation

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23
Q

Which of the mitochondria functions is the main purpose?

A

producing cellular energy

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24
Q

What in located inside a mitochondria?

A

matrix
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
ribosomes

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25
What is located between the inner and outer membrane of a mitochondria?
folds aka cristae
26
What does aerobic respiration occur?
mitochondria
27
Centrosome is invloed in ____ and the ____ _____.
mitosis; cell cycle
28
Centrosomes occur in pairs called centrioles. T or F.
True located at right angles to each other; surrounded by protein
29
Centrioles shape
cylinder-shaped; located near the nucleus
30
Centrioles are involved in _____ _______.
cellular division
31
Each cylinder-shaped centriole has how many groups of THREE microtubules?
9
32
Purpose of lysosome
digest proteins, lipids, and carbs | transport undigested substances to the cell membrane for removal
33
What is cilia (singular: cilium)?
appendages expending from the cell surface, movement of which causes the cell to move
34
What is flagella?
Similar to cilia but are longer and not as numerous (usually on 1 or a few) whip like movement helps with cell movement
35
What is the defining structure of a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus
36
What is a nucleus?
small structure containing chromosomes; regulates DNA responsible for passing genetic traits
37
The nucleus contains what 6 structures?
``` nuclear envelope nucleoplasm nucleolus nuclear pores chromatin ribosomes ```
38
DNA is short for
deoxyribonucleic acid
39
What are chromosomes?
highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA
40
What is chromatin?
DNA and protein that makes up a chromosome
41
Purpose of nucleolus
protein synthesis; synthesizes and stores RNA (ribonucleic acid)
42
Nucleolus contains a membrane. T or F.
False
43
What is the nuclear envelope?
encloses nucleus | inner and outer membranes are made of lipids
44
Purpose of nuclear pores
exchange material between nucleus and cytoplam
45
What is nucleoplasm?
liquid within the nucleus
46
cell membrane is aka what?
plasma membrane
47
What is the cell membrane?
semipermeable membrane of lipids and proteins isolates the cell rom external environment will enabling the cell to communicate with the outside environment
48
Cell membrane consists of which 6 things?
phospholipid bilayer (aka double layer) hydrophilic ends (facing inside or outside) hydrophobic ends (facing each other) cholesterol (adds stiffness and flexibility) glycolipids (helps recognize other cells) proteins (gives cell shape)
49
Ions are like charges are _____.
repelled
50
Ions with opposite charges are _____.
attracted to the cell surface
51
What is cell cycle?
Process by which a cell reproduces involves cell growth, duplication of genetic material, and cell division
52
An entire cell cycle can take how long?
24 hours
53
What are the 2 ways cells can reproduce?
meiosis and mitosis
54
What is a daughter cell?
exact replica of the parent cell occurs with mitosis
55
What is meiosis?
daughter cells have different genetic coding than the parent cell
56
Meiosis can only occur with what?
Gametes (special reproductive cells)
57
What is differentiation?
process that helps determine the cell type for each cell
58
What is gastrulation?
early phase of embryonic development
59
What are the 3 primary germ layers during gastrulation?
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
60
The nervous system is developed from the ____.
ectoderm
61
The muscular system is developed from the ____.
mesoderm
62
The digestive system is developed from the _____.
endoderm
63
What are the 6 different phases during mitosis?
``` interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis ```
64
What occurs during mitosis interphase?
cell prepares of division by replicating genetic and cytoplasmic material further broken down into G1, S, and G2.
65
What occurs during mitosis prophase?
chromatin thickens; nuclear membrane disintegrate pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides spindle fibers being to form mitotic spindle moves chromosomes around the cell wall
66
What occurs during mitosis metaphase?
spindle moves to cell center; chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle structure
67
What occurs during mitosis anaphase?
pairs of chromosomes (aka sisters) pull apart; once separated, they are called daughter chromosomes
68
what occurs during mitosis telophase?
spindle disintegrates; nuclear membrane reforms | chromosomes revert to chromatin
69
what occurs during mitosis cytokinesis?
the cell splits (including cytoplasm) into 2 cells
70
Meiosis occurs in the same form as mitosis expect what?
It happens TWICE! | After it is completed the interphase-cytokinesis, there are now 2 cells in which the phases are repeated on both cells.
71
How many cells are there after meiosis has completed?
FOUR daughter cells, each with different sets of chromosomes
72
Daughter cells after meiosis are called ____.
Haploid (contain half the genetic material of the parent cell)
73
Tissue can be divided into how many categories?
7
74
What are the 7 categories of tissue?
``` Epithelial Connective Cartilage Blood Bone Muscle Nervous ```
75
What is epithelial tissue?
cells joined together tightly | example: skin tissue
76
What is connective tissue?
dense, loose, or fatty; connects and bind body parts | example: bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, and lymph
77
What is cartilage?
provides structural support for body parts; jelly like and fibrous
78
What does muscle do?
helps support and move the body
79
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
80
What does nervous tissue do?
cells (neurons) form a network through the body that controls responses to change in external or internal environments
81
Where is nerve tissue located?
brain, spinal cored, and nerves
82
How many major organ systems are there?
11
83
What are the 11 major organ systems?
``` integumentary respiratory cardiovascular endocrine nervous immune digestive excretory muscular skeletal reproductive ```
84
What does cephalic and cephalic mean?
towards the head
85
What does caudal mean?
towards the tail
86
What are the 3 main planes of the body?
transverse (horizontal) sagittal (vertical) coronal (frontal, vertical)
87
Transverse plane
superior and inferior halves
88
Sagittal plane
L and R halves
89
Coronal plane
anterior and posterior halves

HESI A2 (11 decks)

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