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HESI A2 > General A&P > Flashcards

General A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic organizational unit of all living things?

A

the cell

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2
Q

What is cell membrane composed of?

A

phospholipids

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3
Q

This type of protein helps certain molecules and ions move in-and-out of cells.

A

transport holes

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4
Q

Cells are filled with a fluid called _____.

A

cytoplasm aka cytosol

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5
Q

This group of complex molecules helps with cell survival.

A

organelles

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6
Q

Each cell consist of which 3 things?

A

nucleic acid
cytoplasms
cell membrane

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7
Q

Process of cell-to-organism formation.

A

cells > tissue > organs > systems

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8
Q

Purpose of ribosomes.

A

synthesize proteins from amino acids

make up 1/4 of a cell

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9
Q

Purpose of Golgi complex aka Golgi apparatus

A

synthesizing materials

located near the nucleus

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10
Q

Purpose of vacuoles

A

sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal

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11
Q

Purpose of vesicle.

A

moving materials within a cell

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12
Q

Purpose of cytoskeleton

A

consist of microtubules that help shape and support cells

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13
Q

Purpose of microtubules. What are they made of?

A

helps support the cell

made of protein

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14
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Liquid material in a cell; mostly water

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15
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

organelles found in the plasma membrane (NOT in the nucleus)

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16
Q

Purpose of cell membrane aka plasma membrane

A

acts as a barrier; determines what is allowed to enter and exit a cell

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

rough and smooth

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18
Q

Rough vs. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Rough: ribosomes on the surface
Smooth: NO ribosomes on the surface

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19
Q

Purpose of endoplasmic reticulum

A

transport system of a cell

fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane

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20
Q

Purpose of mitochondrion aka mitochondria

A

generating ATP

cell growth and death

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21
Q

Mitochondria contain their own DNA separate from that in the nucleus. T or F.

A

True

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22
Q

4 functions of mitochondria

A

produce cell energy
cell signaling (cell communication)
cellular differentiation (nondiff cells are transformed into a cell with a specialized purpose)
cell cycle and growth regulation

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23
Q

Which of the mitochondria functions is the main purpose?

A

producing cellular energy

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24
Q

What in located inside a mitochondria?

A

matrix
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
ribosomes

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25
Q

What is located between the inner and outer membrane of a mitochondria?

A

folds aka cristae

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26
Q

What does aerobic respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

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27
Q

Centrosome is invloed in ____ and the ____ _____.

A

mitosis; cell cycle

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28
Q

Centrosomes occur in pairs called centrioles. T or F.

A

True

located at right angles to each other; surrounded by protein

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29
Q

Centrioles shape

A

cylinder-shaped; located near the nucleus

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30
Q

Centrioles are involved in _____ _______.

A

cellular division

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31
Q

Each cylinder-shaped centriole has how many groups of THREE microtubules?

A

9

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32
Q

Purpose of lysosome

A

digest proteins, lipids, and carbs

transport undigested substances to the cell membrane for removal

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33
Q

What is cilia (singular: cilium)?

A

appendages expending from the cell surface, movement of which causes the cell to move

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34
Q

What is flagella?

A

Similar to cilia but are longer and not as numerous (usually on 1 or a few)

whip like movement helps with cell movement

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35
Q

What is the defining structure of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

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36
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

small structure containing chromosomes; regulates DNA

responsible for passing genetic traits

37
Q

The nucleus contains what 6 structures?

A 
nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm
nucleolus
nuclear pores
chromatin
ribosomes
38
Q

DNA is short for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

39
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA

40
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA and protein that makes up a chromosome

41
Q

Purpose of nucleolus

A

protein synthesis; synthesizes and stores RNA (ribonucleic acid)

42
Q

Nucleolus contains a membrane. T or F.

A

False

43
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

encloses nucleus

inner and outer membranes are made of lipids

44
Q

Purpose of nuclear pores

A

exchange material between nucleus and cytoplam

45
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A

liquid within the nucleus

46
Q

cell membrane is aka what?

A

plasma membrane

47
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

semipermeable membrane of lipids and proteins

isolates the cell rom external environment will enabling the cell to communicate with the outside environment

48
Q

Cell membrane consists of which 6 things?

A

phospholipid bilayer (aka double layer)
hydrophilic ends (facing inside or outside)
hydrophobic ends (facing each other)
cholesterol (adds stiffness and flexibility)
glycolipids (helps recognize other cells)
proteins (gives cell shape)

49
Q

Ions are like charges are _____.

A

repelled

50
Q

Ions with opposite charges are _____.

A

attracted to the cell surface

51
Q

What is cell cycle?

A

Process by which a cell reproduces

involves cell growth, duplication of genetic material, and cell division

52
Q

An entire cell cycle can take how long?

A

24 hours

53
Q

What are the 2 ways cells can reproduce?

A

meiosis and mitosis

54
Q

What is a daughter cell?

A

exact replica of the parent cell

occurs with mitosis

55
Q

What is meiosis?

A

daughter cells have different genetic coding than the parent cell

56
Q

Meiosis can only occur with what?

A

Gametes (special reproductive cells)

57
Q

What is differentiation?

A

process that helps determine the cell type for each cell

58
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

early phase of embryonic development

59
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers during gastrulation?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

60
Q

The nervous system is developed from the ____.

A

ectoderm

61
Q

The muscular system is developed from the ____.

A

mesoderm

62
Q

The digestive system is developed from the _____.

A

endoderm

63
Q

What are the 6 different phases during mitosis?

A 
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
64
Q

What occurs during mitosis interphase?

A

cell prepares of division by replicating genetic and cytoplasmic material

further broken down into G1, S, and G2.

65
Q

What occurs during mitosis prophase?

A

chromatin thickens; nuclear membrane disintegrate
pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides
spindle fibers being to form
mitotic spindle moves chromosomes around the cell wall

66
Q

What occurs during mitosis metaphase?

A

spindle moves to cell center; chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle structure

67
Q

What occurs during mitosis anaphase?

A

pairs of chromosomes (aka sisters) pull apart; once separated, they are called daughter chromosomes

68
Q

what occurs during mitosis telophase?

A

spindle disintegrates; nuclear membrane reforms

chromosomes revert to chromatin

69
Q

what occurs during mitosis cytokinesis?

A

the cell splits (including cytoplasm) into 2 cells

70
Q

Meiosis occurs in the same form as mitosis expect what?

A

It happens TWICE!

After it is completed the interphase-cytokinesis, there are now 2 cells in which the phases are repeated on both cells.

71
Q

How many cells are there after meiosis has completed?

A

FOUR daughter cells, each with different sets of chromosomes

72
Q

Daughter cells after meiosis are called ____.

A

Haploid (contain half the genetic material of the parent cell)

73
Q

Tissue can be divided into how many categories?

A

7

74
Q

What are the 7 categories of tissue?

A 
Epithelial
Connective
Cartilage
Blood
Bone
Muscle
Nervous
75
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

cells joined together tightly

example: skin tissue

76
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

dense, loose, or fatty; connects and bind body parts

example: bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, and lymph

77
Q

What is cartilage?

A

provides structural support for body parts; jelly like and fibrous

78
Q

What does muscle do?

A

helps support and move the body

79
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

80
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

cells (neurons) form a network through the body that controls responses to change in external or internal environments

81
Q

Where is nerve tissue located?

A

brain, spinal cored, and nerves

82
Q

How many major organ systems are there?

A

11

83
Q

What are the 11 major organ systems?

A 
integumentary
respiratory
cardiovascular
endocrine
nervous
immune
digestive
excretory
muscular
skeletal
reproductive
84
Q

What does cephalic and cephalic mean?

A

towards the head

85
Q

What does caudal mean?

A

towards the tail

86
Q

What are the 3 main planes of the body?

A

transverse (horizontal)
sagittal (vertical)
coronal (frontal, vertical)

87
Q

Transverse plane

A

superior and inferior halves

88
Q

Sagittal plane

A

L and R halves

89
Q

Coronal plane

A

anterior and posterior halves

HESI A2 (11 decks)

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