GENERAL Flashcards
Which hormone can be used to to assess ovarian reserve prior to in vitro fertilisation treatment?
anti-mullerian hormone
Contra-indication to HRT
Active or recent arterial thromboembolic disease (e.g. angina or MI) Current or past breast cancer Any oestrogen-sensitive cancer Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding Untreated endometrial hyperplasia
How long is the female urethra?
3-4 cm
When does the bladder produce desire to void?
250ml
What is polyuria?
when over 2.8l is produced in 24 hours
What will reduce efficacy of COCP?
phenytoin
Which drugs are contra-indicated in breast-feeding?
tetracyclines, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, sulphonamides pheobarbitone amiodarone cytotoxics eg methotrexate lithium, benzodiazepines bromocriptine aspirin
A 40 year old woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day complains of a green nipple discharge and a non-tender lump below the nipple.
duct ectasia
70 yr old woman presents with hot tender breast with cellulitis
inflammatory breast cancer
What proportion of couples suffer from infertility?
1 in 6
LH surge occurs at what duration prior to Ovulation ?
24- 36 hours
Treat infertility due to PCOS
Clomifene citrate
Where does spermatogenesis occur in a testicle ?
seminiferous tubules
What does
a) oligoasthenospermia
b) teratoasthenospermia
mean?
a) low count and motility
b) abnormal form and low motility
Where is testosterone secreted from in a male ?
leydig cell
A woman presents with at 7 weeks gestation with heavy vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. On examination, her cervix is slightly open with tissue visible. On ultrasound scan a fetal heart beat is seen in the uterine cavity
inevitable miscarriage as cervix open
The rectouterine pouch (of Douglas) can be drained via a needle passed through….
the posterior fornix of the vagina
most effective form of contraception?
implant
the COCP is protective against which form of cancer?
ovarian
form of miscarriage where sac is still there
missed miscarriage
is mesonephric or pasamesonephric duct present in females?
paramesonephric
What does the mesonephric duct form?
vas deferens
fluid in the foetal lung is mostly made by
the foetal lung
resuscitation of term infants should use what
air
resuscitation of preterm infants should use what
low conc oxygen (20-30%)
A previously well newborn term infant on the postnatal ward is noticed to be breathing quickly and feeding poorly. Which condition[s] might be considered in your differential diagnosis?
group B strep
What drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy?
ACE inhibitors/ARB Renal hypoplasia
Androgens Virilisation of female foetus
Antiepileptics Cardiac, facial, limb, neural tube defects
Cytotoxics Multiple defects, abortion
Lithium Cardiovascular defects
Methotrexate Skeletal defects
Retinoids Ear, cardiovascular, skeletal defects
Warfarin Limb and facial defects
treat primary amenorrhoea caused by prolactinoma
dopamine agonist eg cabergoline
Which contraception should be stopped at age 50?
COCP
injectable depo-provera
Benign cancer that affects all germ cell layers in the ovaries
dermoid cyst
abnormal endometrial thickness
pre-menopause: >16mm
post-menopause: >4mm
follow-up management of ectopic pregnancy
if methotrexate do LFTs
Which type of HRT is used in post-menopausal women who have had a hysterectomy?
oestrogen only
Which type of cancer is increased by combined HRT?
breast
Manage 1 missed pill in week 1
take extra pill
Manage 2 missed pill in week 1
emergency contraception
Manage 2 missed pill in week 2
use condoms for 7 days
Manage 2 missed pill in week 3
ok, no break after pack
Absolute CI to COCP
Hx of stroke or VTE
migraines
>35 and smoking >15 cigarettes
When can POP be started after giving birth?
anytime
When can depo be started after giving birth?
anytime unless breastfeeding
How long should COCP be avoided after giving birth?
3wks
6wks if additional VTE risk
How long after UPSI should levonorogestrel be given?
upto 72hrs but efficacy dec with inc time
How long after UPSI should ulipristal be given?
upto 120 hrs (5 days)
In which form of emergency oral contraception is dose doubled if high bmi or enzyme inducing drugs?
levonorogestrel
In which form of emergency oral contraception is only one dose allowed per cycle?
ulipristal
