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General Flashcards

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1
Q

How do van deer waals forces arise?

A
  • uneven distribution of electrons
  • creates instantaneous dipole
  • causes an induced dipole on neighbouring molecule
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2
Q

Define molecular formula

A

Actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule

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3
Q

How can you tell a salt has been formed?

A

Hydrogen ion replaced by metal ion

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4
Q

Define ionic lattice

A

Repeating pattern of oppositely charged ions

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5
Q

Define electronegativity

A

Ability of atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond

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6
Q

What is a base

A

Substance that readily accepts H+ ions

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7
Q

What is an alkali

A

Substance that releases OH- ions into solution

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8
Q

How are catalysts good for environment

A

Lower temp can be used - reduces co2 emissions

Reduces use of toxic reactants

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9
Q

Define enthalpy change

A

When one mole of bonds is broken

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10
Q

What makes a molecule polar

A

Not symmetrical so dipoles don’t cancel out

Difference in electronegativities

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11
Q

State hess’ law

A

The enthalpy change of a reaction is independent to the route it takes

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12
Q

Define standard molar enthalpy of formation

A

The energy change when one mole of compound is formed from is constituent elements in standard state

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13
Q

What do m and z stand for

A

Mass

Charge

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14
Q

What is the chemical name for bicarbonate of soda?

A

Sodium hydrogen carbonate

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15
Q

What is a heterogeneous equilibrium?

A

Reactants in a different state

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16
Q

Why is boiling point of PH3 lower than boiling point of AsH3?

A

AsH3 has more electrons

Stronger induced dipole-dipole interactions

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17
Q

What are the stages of reducing a haloalkane to primary amine?

A

Haloalkane
Nitrile
Primary amine

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18
Q

What does Hess’ law state?

A

The enthalpy change accompanying a chemical change is independent of the route by which the chemical change occurs

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19
Q

What is a dynamic equilibrium?

A

Rate of fowards reaction equals the rate of backwards reaction

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20
Q

What does aromatic mean?

A

The compound contains a benzene ring

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21
Q

What are the three types of structural isomer?

A

Chain, positional, functional group

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22
Q

What is a sigma bond?

A

A single covelant bond made up of two shared electrons with the electron density concentrated between the two nuclei

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23
Q

What is a pi bond?

A

Formed by the side ways overlap of two p orbitals on adjacent carbon atoms, each one providing one electron

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24
Q

What is a radical?

A

A particle with an unpaired electron

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25
Q

Why are alkenes unreactive?

A

The C-H bonds have very low polarity

C-H bonds are relitavley strong

26
Q

What determines highest priority in E/Z isomerism

A

Atomic number

27
Q

Reaction conditions for Hydration of ethene

A

Water with phosphoric acid at 300 degrees with high pressure

28
Q

Conditions to dehydrate an alcohol

A

Conc sulfuric acid and Al2O3

29
Q

What does the dehydration of an alcohol give?

A

An alkene

30
Q

Conditions to hydrolyse a haloalkane

A

the solvent must be in water and must be heated under refulx

31
Q

How can you rest the trend in rates of reaction in haloalkanes?

A

Mix with water and silver nitrate
Heat
Monitor the rate at which precipitate forms.

32
Q

What affects ionisation energy?

A

Atomic radius
Nuclear charge
Shielding effect

33
Q

What is the most reactive halogen?

A

Fluorine

34
Q

Fluorine oxidises water to give what>

A

HF and O2

35
Q

What colour is iodine in cyclohexane?

A

Purple

36
Q

What colour is bromine in cyclohexane?

A

Orange

37
Q

What colour is chlorine in cyclohexane?

A

pale yellow

38
Q

Equation for pka

A

-logKA

39
Q

Equation for KA

A

10-pka

40
Q

How can you distinguish between stereo isomers?

A

Plane polarised light rotated equally in opposite directions

41
Q

How do you convert gdm-3 into mol dm-3

A

gdm-3 divided by mr

42
Q

How do van der waals forces arise?

A

Unequal distribution of electrons
causes instantaneous dipole
Causes induced dipole on neighbouring molecules

43
Q

What are some issues of making chiral drugs?

A

Enantimors could be toxic

Have to seperate 1:1 ratio of enantimors

44
Q

How does GC-MS allow products to be identified?

A

Seperates compounds and comparison with a data base

45
Q

What is the chemical responsible for the peak at 0 in NMR and why is it added?

A

TMS

Standard for chemical shift measurement

46
Q

Show how ALCl3 behaves as a catalyst

A

AlCL3 + Cl2 –> AlCl4- + Cl+

H+ + AlCl4- —-> AlCl3 + HCl

47
Q

Reagents needed for reduction og 1,4-dinitrobenzene

A

Tin and conc HCl

48
Q

Define the term lattice enthalpy

A

The energy change that takes place when one mole of ionic compound is formed from its constituent ions in gaseous state

49
Q

Explain why it is difficult to predict whether the lattice enthalpy of magnesium bromide would be more or less exothermic than the lattice enthalpy of sodium chloride

A

Mg has a greater charge and therefore greater charge density than sodium
Bromine has smaller atomic radius
However not paired with eachother

50
Q

Would the entropy change of magesium with dilute sulfuric acid be positive or negative?

A

Positive as a gas is formed which is more disordered

51
Q

Would the entropy change of the complete combustion of ethane be positive or negative?

A

Negative

9 mol of gas to 4 mol of gas so less disordered

52
Q

How can a sutible indicator be chosen from looking at a pH titration curve graph?

A

Chose the indicator that changes in the vertical section

53
Q

Steps to purify 2-hydroxybenzoic acid

A 
Dissolve in the minimum amount of hot solvent 
Cool in ice bath forming crystals 
Vacuum filtration using  buchner flask
Rinse with cold solvent 
Dry in oven
54
Q

Why does bromine have a higher boiling point than chlorine?

A

Bromine has more induced dipole interactions

55
Q

Why does water expand when it is frozen?

A

H bonds in ice hold H2O molecules further apart

56
Q

Why does the production of chloromethane by radical substitution produced a very low percentage yield?

A

further substitution occurs

57
Q

Why are C-C bonds all the same in benzene?

A

Pi bonds are delocalised

58
Q

How can IR distinguish between ketones and carboxylic acids?

A

Carboxylic acids have a broad O–H absorption at 2500–3300

59
Q

Why is the rate of hydrolysis of 1-bromobutane is faster than that of 1-chlorobutane.

A

C-Br bond is weaker

60
Q

Units for ideal gas equation

A

T in K
V in m3
p in Pa

Chemistry (16 decks)

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