General

Question 1

What does a low Km indicate?

Answer 1

A high affinity for the substrate

Question 2

What occurs during gastrulation?

Answer 2

Formation of the germ layers

Question 3

What enzyme transcribes mRNA from DNA?

Answer 3

RNA polymerase

Question 4

What are the different sources of energy at different exercise time frames?

Answer 4

ATP = 4 secs
Phosphocreatinine = 15 secs
Free circulating glucose = 4 mins
Glycogen stores = 77 mins
Fat stones = 4 days +

Question 5

What nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 5

Facial nerve

Question 6

What nerve supplies special sensory innervation of the ear?

Answer 6

Vestibocochlear

Question 7

What organism shows up golden on blood agar?

Answer 7

Staph aureus

Question 8

What kind of inheritance is sick cell anaemia?

Answer 8

Co-dominant inheritance

Question 9

Which white blood cell gas a bilobar nucleus and granules?

Answer 9

Eosinophil

Question 10

Is hypoplasia physiological?

Answer 10

No, is a developmental disorder

Question 11

What is the principle of deontology?

Answer 11

Do what you believe is right

Question 12

Does lactic acid act as a substrate for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

Which region of an antibody binds to receptor on phagocytic cells?

Answer 13

Fc region

Question 14

What kind of antibiotics is pseudomonas aerugniosa resistant to?

Answer 14

Oral antibiotics

Question 15

What is used to measure the primary humeral immune response and why?

Answer 15

IgM antibody detection

As is the first antibody produced

Question 16

What colour does alpha haemolysis of streptococci occur?

Answer 16

Green (not yellow = full haemolysis)

Question 17

Which test can identify the difference between staphylococcus and streptococcus?

Answer 17

Catalase

Staph = +ve, strep = -ve

Question 18

Which microorganism is the only coagulase positive one?

Answer 18

Staph aureus

Question 19

What type of organism is neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 19

Aerobic gram -ve coccus

Question 20

Do gram positive or negative organisms produce endotoxins?

Answer 20

Negative

eNdotoxin = gram Negative

Question 21

Which direction to ions travel during an action potential?

Answer 21

Na = inwards (influx)
K = outwards (efflux)

Question 22

What happens to the circulating blood volume in sepsis?

Answer 22

It decreases (vascular leakage)

Question 23

What cells produce P53?

Answer 23

Human cells not viral

Tumour suppressor function

Question 24

What causes granulomas?

Answer 24

Infection or malignancy

in near by lymph nodes during malignancy

Question 25

What changes are seen in nuclei during malignancy?

Answer 25

Enlarged + pleomorphic nuclei

Question 26

What are oligodendrocytes?

Answer 26

Produce myelin in the CNS

Question 27

Where does fertilisation occur?

Answer 27

Ampulla

Question 28

How is glucose transported out of the gut?

Answer 28

GLUT 5 passive facilitated transport

Question 29

What is Km a measure of?

Answer 29

Half of maximal velocity of a reaction

Question 30

Which vein is a DVT embolus most likely to occlude?

Answer 30

Pulmonary vein

Question 31

What forms the diencephalon and where is it?

Answer 31

Thalamus + hypothalamus | In the central core of the cerebrum

Question 32

Which chambers form the anterior, base, right border and left borders of the heart?

Answer 32

Anterior = RV Base = RA + LA Right border = RA Left border = LV

Question 33

What effect does an allosteric inhibitor have on Vmax?

Answer 33

None - different binding site

Question 34

Which receptors bind to Gq, Gi and Gs proteins?

Answer 34

``` Gq = a1, M1 + M3 Gi = a2 + M2 Gs = B1 + B2 ```

Question 35

Where are acidic drugs best absorbed?

Answer 35

Stomach | Best absorbed at their own pH

Question 36

What is first pass metabolism?

Answer 36

Through the liver

Question 37

What is the enteral route of drug administration?

Answer 37

Through the GI tract

Question 38

What occurs when pH = pKa?

Answer 38

Ionisation occurs at 50%

Question 39

How is auto-immune hepatitis investigated?

Answer 39

ASMA (anti smooth muscle antibody) test

Question 40

Which nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

Answer 40

Trigeminal

Question 41

Which gastroenteritis causing bug is known to cause pseudomembranous colitis?

Answer 41

C diff

Question 42

Why are bilirubin and cholesterol treated with urseodeoxycholic acid?

Answer 42

They have high levels of calcium

Question 43

What H2 receptor antagonist is used to treat peptic ulcers or GORD?

Answer 43

Ranitidine

Question 44

What type of carcinoma is in the bottom third of the oesophagus and what is in the top 2 thirds?

Answer 44

Bottom 1/3: adenocarcinoma (glandular after Baretts oesophagus) Top 2/3: squamous cell carcinoma

Question 45

What receptors does IgE bind to to bring about a response?

Answer 45

Fc receptors

Question 46

Where is the trachea palpated?

Answer 46

Jugular notch

Question 47

Which component strain of MRSA causes skin necrosis?

Answer 47

PVL

Question 48

What is the treatment for severe and non-severe C diff infection?

Answer 48

``` Severe = oral vancomycin Non-severe = goal metronidazole ```

Question 49

What are the 4 C's that increase risk of C diff infection?

Answer 49

``` Co-amoxiclav, Clindamycin, Cephalosporin, Ciprofloxacin (NOT CLARITHROMYCIN) ```

Question 50

What is the most abundant antibody in anaphylaxis?

Answer 50

IgE

Question 51

Which interleukin is anti-inflammatory?

Answer 51

IL-10

Question 52

Which amino acid is neither D nor L in configuration?

Answer 52

Glycine

Question 53

What causes dissociation of a ribosome from a protein when it encounters a stop codon?

Answer 53

Termination protein

Question 54

What is a transcription factor?

Answer 54

Protein that can turn genes on or off

Question 55

What effect do non-competitive inhibitors have on Vmax?

Answer 55

Decrease it

Question 56

What is an endergonic process?

Answer 56

Requires energy

Question 57

Which vein is mainly used for central venous access?

Answer 57

Subclavian vein

Question 58

What processes can crossing over occur in?

Answer 58

Mitosis + meisois

Question 59

Can nerve potentials be transported in either direction?

Answer 59

Yes, but not physiologically

Question 60

What is the resting membrane potential of a cell?

Answer 60

-70mV

Question 61

What is the difference between the effects of non-competitive inhibition and an allosteric inhibitor on Vmax?

Answer 61

Non-competitive: decreases Vmax | Allosteric: no effect