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Principles > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

What does a low Km indicate?

A

A high affinity for the substrate

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2
Q

What occurs during gastrulation?

A

Formation of the germ layers

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3
Q

What enzyme transcribes mRNA from DNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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4
Q

What are the different sources of energy at different exercise time frames?

A 
ATP = 4 secs
Phosphocreatinine = 15 secs
Free circulating glucose = 4 mins
Glycogen stores = 77 mins
Fat stones = 4 days +
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5
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve

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6
Q

What nerve supplies special sensory innervation of the ear?

A

Vestibocochlear

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7
Q

What organism shows up golden on blood agar?

A

Staph aureus

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8
Q

What kind of inheritance is sick cell anaemia?

A

Co-dominant inheritance

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9
Q

Which white blood cell gas a bilobar nucleus and granules?

A

Eosinophil

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10
Q

Is hypoplasia physiological?

A

No, is a developmental disorder

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11
Q

What is the principle of deontology?

A

Do what you believe is right

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12
Q

Does lactic acid act as a substrate for gluconeogenesis?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Which region of an antibody binds to receptor on phagocytic cells?

A

Fc region

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14
Q

What kind of antibiotics is pseudomonas aerugniosa resistant to?

A

Oral antibiotics

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15
Q

What is used to measure the primary humeral immune response and why?

A

IgM antibody detection

As is the first antibody produced

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16
Q

What colour does alpha haemolysis of streptococci occur?

A

Green (not yellow = full haemolysis)

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17
Q

Which test can identify the difference between staphylococcus and streptococcus?

A

Catalase

Staph = +ve, strep = -ve

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18
Q

Which microorganism is the only coagulase positive one?

A

Staph aureus

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19
Q

What type of organism is neisseria meningitidis?

A

Aerobic gram -ve coccus

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20
Q

Do gram positive or negative organisms produce endotoxins?

A

Negative

eNdotoxin = gram Negative

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21
Q

Which direction to ions travel during an action potential?

A 
Na = inwards (influx)
K = outwards (efflux)
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22
Q

What happens to the circulating blood volume in sepsis?

A

It decreases (vascular leakage)

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23
Q

What cells produce P53?

A

Human cells not viral

Tumour suppressor function

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24
Q

What causes granulomas?

A

Infection or malignancy

in near by lymph nodes during malignancy

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25
Q

What changes are seen in nuclei during malignancy?

A

Enlarged + pleomorphic nuclei

26
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce myelin in the CNS

27
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla

28
Q

How is glucose transported out of the gut?

A

GLUT 5 passive facilitated transport

29
Q

What is Km a measure of?

A

Half of maximal velocity of a reaction

30
Q

Which vein is a DVT embolus most likely to occlude?

A

Pulmonary vein

31
Q

What forms the diencephalon and where is it?

A

Thalamus + hypothalamus

In the central core of the cerebrum

32
Q

Which chambers form the anterior, base, right border and left borders of the heart?

A

Anterior = RV
Base = RA + LA
Right border = RA
Left border = LV

33
Q

What effect does an allosteric inhibitor have on Vmax?

A

None - different binding site

34
Q

Which receptors bind to Gq, Gi and Gs proteins?

A 
Gq = a1, M1 + M3
Gi = a2 + M2
Gs = B1 + B2
35
Q

Where are acidic drugs best absorbed?

A

Stomach

Best absorbed at their own pH

36
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

Through the liver

37
Q

What is the enteral route of drug administration?

A

Through the GI tract

38
Q

What occurs when pH = pKa?

A

Ionisation occurs at 50%

39
Q

How is auto-immune hepatitis investigated?

A

ASMA (anti smooth muscle antibody) test

40
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal

41
Q

Which gastroenteritis causing bug is known to cause pseudomembranous colitis?

A

C diff

42
Q

Why are bilirubin and cholesterol treated with urseodeoxycholic acid?

A

They have high levels of calcium

43
Q

What H2 receptor antagonist is used to treat peptic ulcers or GORD?

A

Ranitidine

44
Q

What type of carcinoma is in the bottom third of the oesophagus and what is in the top 2 thirds?

A

Bottom 1/3: adenocarcinoma (glandular after Baretts oesophagus)
Top 2/3: squamous cell carcinoma

45
Q

What receptors does IgE bind to to bring about a response?

A

Fc receptors

46
Q

Where is the trachea palpated?

A

Jugular notch

47
Q

Which component strain of MRSA causes skin necrosis?

A

PVL

48
Q

What is the treatment for severe and non-severe C diff infection?

A 
Severe = oral vancomycin
Non-severe = goal metronidazole
49
Q

What are the 4 C’s that increase risk of C diff infection?

A 
Co-amoxiclav,
Clindamycin,
Cephalosporin,
Ciprofloxacin 
(NOT CLARITHROMYCIN)
50
Q

What is the most abundant antibody in anaphylaxis?

A

IgE

51
Q

Which interleukin is anti-inflammatory?

A

IL-10

52
Q

Which amino acid is neither D nor L in configuration?

A

Glycine

53
Q

What causes dissociation of a ribosome from a protein when it encounters a stop codon?

A

Termination protein

54
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

Protein that can turn genes on or off

55
Q

What effect do non-competitive inhibitors have on Vmax?

A

Decrease it

56
Q

What is an endergonic process?

A

Requires energy

57
Q

Which vein is mainly used for central venous access?

A

Subclavian vein

58
Q

What processes can crossing over occur in?

A

Mitosis + meisois

59
Q

Can nerve potentials be transported in either direction?

A

Yes, but not physiologically

60
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a cell?

A

-70mV

61
Q

What is the difference between the effects of non-competitive inhibition and an allosteric inhibitor on Vmax?

A

Non-competitive: decreases Vmax

Allosteric: no effect

Principles (8 decks)

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