Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Principles > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

The growth of a hyaline cartilage into a bone (ossifies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the parts of a long bone from top to bottom?

A

Epiphysis,
Epiphyseal growth plate,
Metaphysis,
Diaphysis (long middle bit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three layers of bone and what can be contained within the centre cavity of some bones?

A 
Outer cortex (strong solid bone)
Inner medulla (soft and spongy)
Inner medullary cavity (contains red marrow - for red blood cell growth, or white marrow - fat)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Fibrous connective tissue sleeve surrounding the bone (well vascularised and innervated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the process of healing of a fracture?

A 
Formation of a callus 
 =>
Callus remodelling 
=>
Healed bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is surgical reduction and fixation?

A

Realigning of bones to correct anatomical position where they are held in place by plates and screws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a bony feature?

A

A feature that develops during bone growth - can either be functional (genetic) or due to an adjacent structure providing pressure on a certain point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeletons and what bones are contained within each?

A

Axial (bones in the midline):
Skull,
Neck (inc vertebrae)
Trunk (chest, abdomen + back)

Appendicular (bones branching off the axial skeleton):
Pectoral girdle (attaches upper limbs tot he trunk)
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle (attaches lower limbs to trunk)
Lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the neuro/viscerocranium and what line separates them?

A

Neurocranium: the bones of the cranial vault
Viscerocranium: bones of the facial skeleton
Separated by: base of the skull (most inferior part of the neurocranium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the bones of the cranial vault?

A

(from front to back):

Frontal,
Sphenoid,
Left/right Parietal, (above temporal)
Left/right temporal,
Occipital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the bones of the facial skeleton?

A

L/R nasal bone (bridge of the nose),
L/R zygoma (cheek bone)
L/R maxilla (nose - mouth)
L/R mandible (mouth - chin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 le Fort fractures?

A

Le Fort I: Fracture across the maxilla (inferior to to nose)
Le Fort II: Fracture between the maxilla and zygoma (from bridge of nose to edge of mouth)
Le Fort III: Fracture superior to zygoma (inferior to the eye cavity across the face)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the sections of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae do they have each?

A 
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5 (fused to form sacrum)
Coccygeal: 4 (fused to from coccyx)
(33 total)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the parts of a vertebra?

A 
Vertebral body,
Vertebral foramen,
Spinous process,
Transverse process x2,
Inferior articular process x2,
Superior articular process x2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a facet joint?

A

Between 2 articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen?

A

Hole between adjacent vertebrae below spinous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is special about C1, C2 + C7?

A

C1: Atlas - no spinous process or vertebral body
C2: Axis - has an odotinoid process on top of other features
C7: Vertebrae prominens - First palpable spinous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What bones comprise the pelvic girdle and the pectoral girdle?

A

Pelvic girdle: Sacrum + 2 hip bones

Pectoral girdle: 2 scapulae + 2 clavicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the long bones in the arm, forearm, thigh and leg?

A

Arm: humerus,
Forearm: radius (outside) + ulna
Thigh: Femur
Leg: Tibia (bigger + medial) + fibula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscle?

A

Cardiac - striated
Skeletal - striated
Smooth - non-striated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What occurs in a muscle strain?

A

Some of the muscle fibres are torn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 5 types of skeletal muscle?

A 
Pennate, (deltoid)
Quadrate, (rectus abdominus)
Flat, (external oblique)
Circular, (orbicularis oris)
Fusiform (biceps brachii)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the difference between the origin and insertion of a muscle?

A

On either side of a joint

When muscle contracts move closer together to bend the joint

24
Q

What do tendons attach to?

A

Muscle to bone

25
The shape of what determines which way and how much a joint can bend?
The articular surface
26
What is the difference between paralysis and spasticity of a muscle?
Paralysis: muscle without a functioning nerve supply - reduced tone Spasticity: failure in descending controls from the brain - increased tone
27
How many muscle compartments are there in the thigh, arm, forearm and the leg?
Thigh: 3 Leg: 3 Arm: 2 Forearm: 2
28
What is compartment syndrome?
Increased pressure in one of the compartments of the limb (swelling/bleeding) which affects the function of the muscles of nerves in that compartment
29
What are the 3 types of joint from least to most stable?
Synovial (normal joints with wide range of movement) Cartilaginous (primary = immoveable - made of hyaline cartilage, secondary = intervertebral disks) Fibrous (solid joints - ie between bones of the skull)
30
What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint?
``` Ball and socket, Pivot, Plane, Hinge, Biaxial ```
31
What is the difference between dislocation and subluxation?
Dislocation: complete loss of contact between articular processes Subluxation: partial loss of contact between articular processes
32
What is the nerve and vascular supply to a joint like?
Very highly innervated and vasculated - very painful when have arthritis/dislocation etc
33
What is the most inferior part of parietal peritoneum where fluid would collect when standing in males and females?
Males: vesicouterine pouch Females: rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)
34
Where does fertilisation usually occur?
Ampulla
35
Where does implantation of a zygote usually occur?
Body of the uterus
36
After release into the peritoneal cavity from the ovaries what happens to the ovum?
Gathered by fimbriae into infundibulum of the uterine tube
37
Contraction of what causes excretion of an unfertilised ovum during menstruation?
Myometrium
38
Where is the most common site for an ectopic pregnancy?
Tubal pregnancy
39
How can female sterilisation occur?
Tubal ligation - cut both uterine tubes
40
What tube does sperm pass through?
The vas deferens
41
Where are sperm produced?
Seminiferous tubules
42
What is the route of sperm from production to ejaculation?
``` Seminiferous tubules, Head of the epididymis, Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Urethra ```
43
What structures are contained within the spermatic cord?
Vas deferens, Testicular artery, Pampiniform plexus of veins
44
What is torsion of the testes?
Twisting of the spermatic cord - cuts off blood supply, risk of testicular necrosis
45
What structure produces seminal fluid for male ejaculation?
Left/Right seminal gland
46
What occurs during male sterilisation?
Vasectomy - the vas deferens is cut
47
Name the 12 cranial nerves and state whether they are sensory, motor or both
``` I - Olfactory (sensory) II - Optic (sensory) III - occulomotor (motor) IV - Trochlear (motor) V - Trigeminal (both) VI - Abducent (motor) VII - Facial (both) VIII - Vestibocochlear (sensory) IX - Glossopharyngeal (both) X - Vagus (both) XI - Accessory spinal (motor) XII - Hypoglossal (motor) ```
48
What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?
Cervical, | Lumbosacral
49
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there and where do they branch off?
``` 31 pairs- the vertebral column is longer than the spinal cord 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```
50
What is the cauda equina?
'Horses tail' | Lumbar and sacral nerve roots descend within the vertebral column
51
Where is the spinal nerve located and what do they supply?
``` Body wall (somatic structures) only Located in the intervertebral foramen (connect with spinal cord via roots and rootlets and the soma via rami) ```
52
What do the posterior/anterior rami supply?
Posterior: posterior body wall (smaller) Anterior: anterior body wall (larger)
53
What does the nerve split into at the spinal nerve?
Anterior and posterior roots and then rootlets
54
What is at T4 and T10 dermatome?
T4: male nipple line T10: umbilicus
55
What are nerve plexuses, what are the 4 main ones and what do they supply?
``` Intertwined anterior rami Cervical - head and neck Brachial - upper limb Lumbar - lower limb Sacral - lower limb + perineum ```
56
What are splanchnic nerves?
Paired visceral nerves carrying visceral afferent and efferent fibres

Principles (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions