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Principles > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

The growth of a hyaline cartilage into a bone (ossifies)

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2
Q

What are the parts of a long bone from top to bottom?

A

Epiphysis,
Epiphyseal growth plate,
Metaphysis,
Diaphysis (long middle bit)

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3
Q

What are the three layers of bone and what can be contained within the centre cavity of some bones?

A 
Outer cortex (strong solid bone)
Inner medulla (soft and spongy)
Inner medullary cavity (contains red marrow - for red blood cell growth, or white marrow - fat)
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4
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Fibrous connective tissue sleeve surrounding the bone (well vascularised and innervated)

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5
Q

What is the process of healing of a fracture?

A 
Formation of a callus 
 =>
Callus remodelling 
=>
Healed bone
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6
Q

What is surgical reduction and fixation?

A

Realigning of bones to correct anatomical position where they are held in place by plates and screws

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7
Q

What is a bony feature?

A

A feature that develops during bone growth - can either be functional (genetic) or due to an adjacent structure providing pressure on a certain point

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8
Q

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeletons and what bones are contained within each?

A

Axial (bones in the midline):
Skull,
Neck (inc vertebrae)
Trunk (chest, abdomen + back)

Appendicular (bones branching off the axial skeleton):
Pectoral girdle (attaches upper limbs tot he trunk)
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle (attaches lower limbs to trunk)
Lower limbs

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9
Q

What are the neuro/viscerocranium and what line separates them?

A

Neurocranium: the bones of the cranial vault
Viscerocranium: bones of the facial skeleton
Separated by: base of the skull (most inferior part of the neurocranium)

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10
Q

What are the bones of the cranial vault?

A

(from front to back):

Frontal,
Sphenoid,
Left/right Parietal, (above temporal)
Left/right temporal,
Occipital
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11
Q

What are the bones of the facial skeleton?

A

L/R nasal bone (bridge of the nose),
L/R zygoma (cheek bone)
L/R maxilla (nose - mouth)
L/R mandible (mouth - chin)

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12
Q

What are the 3 le Fort fractures?

A

Le Fort I: Fracture across the maxilla (inferior to to nose)
Le Fort II: Fracture between the maxilla and zygoma (from bridge of nose to edge of mouth)
Le Fort III: Fracture superior to zygoma (inferior to the eye cavity across the face)

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13
Q

What are the sections of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae do they have each?

A 
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5 (fused to form sacrum)
Coccygeal: 4 (fused to from coccyx)
(33 total)
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14
Q

What are the parts of a vertebra?

A 
Vertebral body,
Vertebral foramen,
Spinous process,
Transverse process x2,
Inferior articular process x2,
Superior articular process x2
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15
Q

What is a facet joint?

A

Between 2 articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

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16
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen?

A

Hole between adjacent vertebrae below spinous process

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17
Q

What is special about C1, C2 + C7?

A

C1: Atlas - no spinous process or vertebral body
C2: Axis - has an odotinoid process on top of other features
C7: Vertebrae prominens - First palpable spinous process

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18
Q

What bones comprise the pelvic girdle and the pectoral girdle?

A

Pelvic girdle: Sacrum + 2 hip bones

Pectoral girdle: 2 scapulae + 2 clavicles

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19
Q

What are the long bones in the arm, forearm, thigh and leg?

A

Arm: humerus,
Forearm: radius (outside) + ulna
Thigh: Femur
Leg: Tibia (bigger + medial) + fibula

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20
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscle?

A

Cardiac - striated
Skeletal - striated
Smooth - non-striated

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21
Q

What occurs in a muscle strain?

A

Some of the muscle fibres are torn

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22
Q

What are the 5 types of skeletal muscle?

A 
Pennate, (deltoid)
Quadrate, (rectus abdominus)
Flat, (external oblique)
Circular, (orbicularis oris)
Fusiform (biceps brachii)
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23
Q

What is the difference between the origin and insertion of a muscle?

A

On either side of a joint

When muscle contracts move closer together to bend the joint

24
Q

What do tendons attach to?

A

Muscle to bone

25
Q

The shape of what determines which way and how much a joint can bend?

A

The articular surface

26
Q

What is the difference between paralysis and spasticity of a muscle?

A

Paralysis: muscle without a functioning nerve supply - reduced tone
Spasticity: failure in descending controls from the brain - increased tone

27
Q

How many muscle compartments are there in the thigh, arm, forearm and the leg?

A

Thigh: 3
Leg: 3
Arm: 2
Forearm: 2

28
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Increased pressure in one of the compartments of the limb (swelling/bleeding) which affects the function of the muscles of nerves in that compartment

29
Q

What are the 3 types of joint from least to most stable?

A

Synovial (normal joints with wide range of movement)
Cartilaginous (primary = immoveable - made of hyaline cartilage, secondary = intervertebral disks)
Fibrous (solid joints - ie between bones of the skull)

30
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint?

A 
Ball and socket,
Pivot,
Plane, 
Hinge,
Biaxial
31
Q

What is the difference between dislocation and subluxation?

A

Dislocation: complete loss of contact between articular processes
Subluxation: partial loss of contact between articular processes

32
Q

What is the nerve and vascular supply to a joint like?

A

Very highly innervated and vasculated - very painful when have arthritis/dislocation etc

33
Q

What is the most inferior part of parietal peritoneum where fluid would collect when standing in males and females?

A

Males: vesicouterine pouch
Females: rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)

34
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

Ampulla

35
Q

Where does implantation of a zygote usually occur?

A

Body of the uterus

36
Q

After release into the peritoneal cavity from the ovaries what happens to the ovum?

A

Gathered by fimbriae into infundibulum of the uterine tube

37
Q

Contraction of what causes excretion of an unfertilised ovum during menstruation?

A

Myometrium

38
Q

Where is the most common site for an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Tubal pregnancy

39
Q

How can female sterilisation occur?

A

Tubal ligation - cut both uterine tubes

40
Q

What tube does sperm pass through?

A

The vas deferens

41
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

42
Q

What is the route of sperm from production to ejaculation?

A 
Seminiferous tubules,
Head of the epididymis,
Epididymis,
Vas Deferens,
Urethra
43
Q

What structures are contained within the spermatic cord?

A

Vas deferens,
Testicular artery,
Pampiniform plexus of veins

44
Q

What is torsion of the testes?

A

Twisting of the spermatic cord - cuts off blood supply, risk of testicular necrosis

45
Q

What structure produces seminal fluid for male ejaculation?

A

Left/Right seminal gland

46
Q

What occurs during male sterilisation?

A

Vasectomy - the vas deferens is cut

47
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves and state whether they are sensory, motor or both

A 
I - Olfactory (sensory)
II - Optic (sensory)
III - occulomotor (motor)
IV - Trochlear (motor)
V - Trigeminal (both)
VI - Abducent (motor)
VII - Facial (both)
VIII - Vestibocochlear (sensory)
IX - Glossopharyngeal (both)
X - Vagus (both)
XI - Accessory spinal (motor)
XII - Hypoglossal (motor)
48
Q

What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical,

Lumbosacral

49
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there and where do they branch off?

A 
31 pairs- the vertebral column is longer than the spinal cord
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
50
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

‘Horses tail’

Lumbar and sacral nerve roots descend within the vertebral column

51
Q

Where is the spinal nerve located and what do they supply?

A 
Body wall (somatic structures) only
Located in the intervertebral foramen (connect with spinal cord via roots and rootlets and the soma via rami)
52
Q

What do the posterior/anterior rami supply?

A

Posterior: posterior body wall (smaller)
Anterior: anterior body wall (larger)

53
Q

What does the nerve split into at the spinal nerve?

A

Anterior and posterior roots and then rootlets

54
Q

What is at T4 and T10 dermatome?

A

T4: male nipple line
T10: umbilicus

55
Q

What are nerve plexuses, what are the 4 main ones and what do they supply?

A 
Intertwined anterior rami 
Cervical - head and neck
Brachial - upper limb
Lumbar - lower limb
Sacral - lower limb + perineum
56
Q

What are splanchnic nerves?

A

Paired visceral nerves carrying visceral afferent and efferent fibres

Principles (8 decks)

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