gene mutations Flashcards
what is a mutation?
- random change in genetic material
- large or small
- beneficial to evolution or detrimental to survival
examples of beneficial mutations
- colour/ patterns
- antibiotic-resistant bacteria
- body structure
examples of detrimental mutations
- genetic disorders
- cancer
- albinism
what are spontaneous mutations?
- occurs naturally
- not frequent
- unpredictable
- e.g. albinism
what are induced mutations?
- alterations in genes
- after contact with mutagens and the environment
e.g. chemical radiation
what is paint/ substitution mutation?
one base is swapped for another
what is silent mutation?
change occurs in non-coding religions of DNA
- so does not affect DNA
What is missense mutation?
codon now codes for different amino acids
what is nonsense mutation?
change codes for stop codon resulting in incomplete protein
what is insertion mutation?
extra base pairs are inserted into the DNA sequence
what is deletion mutation?
base pairs are lost from the DNA
what is duplication mutation?
a section of DNA is repeated
what is translocation mutation?
sections of DNA either swap places or chromosomes join together
what are frameshift mutations?
insertion and deletion are also known as frameshift mutations
- alters the point where a codon is read
- completely changes the amino acid sequence
