Gene Expression (PPT4-6) [U4/T1]

Question 1

What is the Genome?

Answer 1

The full complement of all DNA in an organism’s cells including the nuclear DNA and that within mitochondria and chloroplasts (plants)

Question 2

Where is a gene located?

Answer 2

On chromosomes and their fixed position on the chromosome called Locus

Question 3

What is a gene?

Answer 3

A unique region of DNA on a chromosome that carries instructions in the form of a nucleotide sequence that acts as a code

Question 4

What are the two major groups of genes?

Answer 4

• Exons

- Introns

Question 5

What are Exons?

Answer 5

Protein-coding genes

Question 6

What are introns

Answer 6

Non-protein coding genes

Question 7

Are all functions of introns yet understood?

Answer 7

No, many functions of introns are not yet understood

Question 8

What are some of the functions of introns

Answer 8

• Transcribed to make noncoding functional

- Ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA are both involved in protein synthesis

Question 9

What are centromeres and what are they used for

Answer 9

Centromeres are segments of noncoding DNA used for cell division where spindle fibres attach.

Question 10

What are telomeres and what are they used for

Answer 10

Telomeres are segments of noncoding DNA whose function is to protect the end of chromosomes from deterioration

Some segments appear to be involved in gene expression and gene regulation

Question 11

What are the three types of RNA?

Answer 11

• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• Trasnfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 12

What is messenger RNA

Answer 12

Messenger RNA is a coding RNA which transfers code during protein synthesis

Question 13

What is ribosomal RNA

Answer 13

Non coding structural RNA making ribosomes

Question 14

What is transfer RNA

Answer 14

Non coding functional RNA which transfers amino acids to the right position on the mRNA

Question 15

What are the 3 stages in gene expression with introns and exons

Answer 15

1. Transcription
2. RNA processing
3. Translation

Question 16

Define and explain what transcription is in gene expression

Answer 16

Define:
Transcription means to copy the code thanks to complimentary base pairing

• The DNA strand unwinds to expose the gene being transcribed
• A mRNA strand is formed using the DNA molecule as the template with both exons and introns being trasncribed
• Free nucleotides with bases complementary to the DNA are joined together by the enzyme RNA polymerase

Question 17

Define and explain what RNA Processing is in gene expression

Answer 17

Define:
Where the mRNA is altered ready for translation

• The primary transcript is then edited with the removal or splicing out of introns (non-coding DNA)
• The exons are joined back together to form the mature RNA

Question 18

DIAGRAM OF INTRONS AND EXONS

CN 5, PG3

Answer 18

IDK

Question 19

Define what translation is in gene expression

Answer 19

Define:

- The process of building a polypeptide chain from amino acids, guided by the codons on the mRNA.

Question 20

Who are the players involved in translation

Answer 20

1. Messenger RNA
2. Ribosomes
3. Transfer RNA
4. Amino acids

Question 21

Fill in the following information about Messenger RNA (mRNA):
Type of chemical -
General role -
Notes -

Answer 21

Type of chemical - Coding RNA
General role -
Notes -

Question 22

Fill in the following information about Ribosomes:
Type of chemical -
General role -
Notes -

Answer 22

Type of chemical - Non-coding RNA
General role -
Notes -

Question 23

Fill in the following information about Transfer RNA (tRNA):
Type of chemical -
General role -
Notes -

Answer 23

Type of chemical - Non-coding RNA
General role -
Notes -

Question 24

Fill in the following information about Amino Acids:
Type of chemical -
General role -
Notes -

Answer 24

Type of chemical - Monomers of the polymer Protein
General role -
Notes -

Question 25

What is gene expression?

Answer 25

• The process to synthesis a functional gene product (protein or functional RNA)
• It is about a gene being transcribed into mRNA and then translated into a polypeptide or transcribed in functional RNA

Question 26

Gene expression is the…

Fill in the blank

Answer 26

manufacture of a product and can be controlled at many points

Question 27

Gene regulation is the…

Fill in the blank

Answer 27

process/es within cells that enable a gene to be expressed just in particular cells and at certain times and rates.

Question 28

Method of gene regulation - Regulatory proteins binding to DNA transcription factors

When it works:
How it works:
Distinguishing feature:

Answer 28

Method of gene regulation - Regulatory proteins binding to DNA transcription factors

When it works - Transcription
How it works -
- RNA polymerase is an enzyme for transcription
- Block RNA polymerase, block transcription

Distinguishing feature - HI

Question 29

Method of gene regulation - Histone binding controls acetylation/ methylation

When it works:
How it works:
Distinguishing feature:

Answer 29

Method of gene regulation - Histone binding controls acetylation/ methylation

When it works - Transcription
How it works - 
- Controlled by how tightly or loosely the DNA is bound around the histone. 
- Methylation = tight 
- Acetylation = loose
- Allows gene to be read or not 

Distinguishing feature - HI

Question 30

Method of gene regulation - RNA splicing

When it works:
How it works:
Distinguishing feature:

Answer 30

Method of gene regulation - RNA splicing

When it works - mRNA processing
How it works -
- Alter process will change the rate this occurs & how it occurs
- Prevent attachment to the ribosome

Distinguishing feature - HI

Question 31

Method of gene regulation - mRNA binding proteins

When it works:
How it works:
Distinguishing feature:

Answer 31

Method of gene regulation - mRNA binding proteins

When it works - Translation
How it works -
- RNA binding proteins can attach & block ribosomes from translating

Distinguishing feature - HI

Question 32

Method of gene regulation - Enzymes degrade RNA

When it works:
How it works:
Distinguishing feature:

Answer 32

Method of gene regulation - Enzymes degrade RNA

When it works - Translation
How it works -
- Can be used to degrade mRNA once translation is complete, preventing translation from occurring again

Distinguishing feature - HI

Question 33

Method of gene regulation - Micro mRNA, create double-stranded RNA

When it works:
How it works:
Distinguishing feature:

Answer 33

Method of gene regulation - Micro mRNA, create double-stranded RNA

When it works - Translation
How it works -
- Create a double-strand via complementary base pairing

Distinguishing feature - HI

Question 34

Method of gene regulation - Changing the pace of translation

When it works:
How it works:
Distinguishing feature:

Answer 34

Method of gene regulation - Changing the pace of translation

When it works - Translation
How it works -
- IDK

Distinguishing feature - HI

Question 35

Fill in the blank:

Regulatory genes can produce _______ called _____ factors which can _______ the transcription of a gene by binding to ______ sections upstream from the exon and _____ transcription.

Answer 35

1) Proteins
2) Transcription
3) Activate
4) Non-coding
5) Promote

Question 36

Fill in the blank:

Some transcription factors _____ gene action by _____ and _____ the enzyme RNA polymerase from attaching for _____.

Answer 36

1) Repress
2) Binding
3) Blocking
4) Transcription

Question 37

What is Gene expression, and what’s the general process and what’s a functional gene product?

Answer 37

About the synthesis of a functional gene product. That gene product can be a series of amino acids strung together to make a polypeptide protein or functional RNA molecule.

Question 38

What are the ways gene regulation manage the production of its genes

Answer 38

1. Transcription and translation
2. Transcription factors
3. Environmental factors