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Biology (Year 12) QLD > Biodiversity (PPT 1-3) [U3/ T1] > Flashcards

Biodiversity (PPT 1-3) [U3/ T1] Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ecology?

A

The study of the relationship between organisms (biotic) and their physical environment (abiotic).

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2
Q

What is the hierarchy of life ecologically?

A

Bioshpere —> Biome —> Ecosytem —> Community —> Population —> Organism

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3
Q

Define biosphere

A

The region within which all living things are found on earth.

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4
Q

Define biome

A

A large geographically based group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities.

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5
Q

Define terrestrial biome

A

Recognised for all the major climate regions of the world and are classified on the basis of their predominant vegetation type.

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6
Q

Define ecosystem

A

Made up of physical enviroment (abiotic) and the group of organisms living in a particular area (biotic).

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7
Q

Define community

A

A group of organisms of different species living together in a particular area.

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8
Q

Define population

A

A group of organisms of the same species living together in a particular area that interbreed, produce fertile offspring, and compete for resources.

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9
Q

Define organism

A

Any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life.
An individual which is the lowest level of organisation.

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10
Q

What are the three components of biodiversity?

A
  • Ecosystem
  • Species
  • Genetic
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11
Q

Define ecosystem diversity

A

Ecosystems vary depending on their abiotic conditions, which influence the biotic components of the ecosystem.

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12
Q

Define microhabitats

A

Habitats within a habitat that posses unique properties where new variations of life can exist and thrive due to the unique conditions.

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13
Q

Define species diversity

A

The greater the range of species present within an ecosystem, the greater the number of different interrelationships that exist between organisms.

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14
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

The greater the variation of genes avalible for a population the stronger that species will be to survive change.

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15
Q

How is biodiversity measured?

A

By:

  • species richness
  • relative species abundance
  • percentage cover
  • percentage frequency
  • simpsons diversity index
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16
Q

Define species richness

A

The number of species present in an ecosystem.

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17
Q

What is the limitation of species richness?

A

It doesn’t count how many of each species exist, nor their role within the community.

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18
Q

Define species abundance

A

The number of individuals of each species present.

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19
Q

What is the advantage of species abudance?

A

The advantage of this measurement is you can show if a dominant species exists within an ecosystem and make comparisons with others.

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20
Q

Define relative species abundance

A

Is a species abundance relative to the total number of individuals of all the species present.

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21
Q

Define percentage cover

A
  • A measurement of the proportion of an area covered by an organism.
  • Commonly used with small plants and sedentary organisms.
  • An estimate of the percentage of each quadrant covered by a particular species.
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22
Q

How is the percentage cover calculated?

A

By determining the % of the total area surveyed is covered.

23
Q

Define percentage frequency

A

A proportion of the random sampled quadrants that contain a particular species.

24
Q

What is percentage frequency

A

The number of quadnrants containing the species of interest divided by the number of random quadrant sampled.

25
Q

What does n (lower case) stand for in Sipmsons diversity index

A

n = Total number of individuals of each species

26
Q

What does N (upper case) stand for in Simpsons diversity index

A

N = Total number of indivduals of all species

27
Q

What does the Simpsons diversity index take into consideration?

A
  • Richness

- Evenness

28
Q

Describe the 5 measures of biodiversity

A
  • Species abundance/ evenness
  • Species richness
  • Percentage cover
  • Percentage frequency
  • Simpsons Diversity index
29
Q

What are the different species interactions?

A
  • Competition
  • Predation & parasitism
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
30
Q

Describe what the type of relationship competition has within species.

A

Each species negatively affects the other.

31
Q

Describe what the type of relationship predation and parasitism have within species.

A

Species A feeds on species B.

32
Q

Describe what the type of relationship mutualism has within species.

A

Both species benefit

33
Q

Describe what the type of relationship commensalism has within species.

A

Species A benefits from species B, but species B is unaffected.

34
Q

Define abiotic factors

A

The physical aspects of the ecosystem including climate, substrate and size/ depth of the area.

35
Q

What is the difference between climate and weather?

A
  • Weather is what you get
  • Climate is what you expect
  • Weather is day to day
  • Climate is long term expectations
36
Q

What is the substrate?

A

The medium in which organisms live

37
Q

State three of the different mediums (substrates)

A
  • Air
  • Water
  • Soil
38
Q

How does the size/ depth of an area impact biodiversity?

A
  • Larger areas deliver greater biodiversity
  • Populations in larger areas have less competition
  • Bigger areas support larger populations
  • Populations have greater genetic diversity.
39
Q

Define spatial

A

How much area a studied ecosystem covers

40
Q

Define temporal

A

The time period over which an area is studied

41
Q

Define spatial scale

A

Macro-level
- Country or Continent

Meso-level
- Broad area of location

Micro-level
- specific area

42
Q

What is spatial differentiation?

A

The size of the ecosystem sampled generally will NOT impact species interaction or species diversity comparisons provided they are sampled adequately.

43
Q

What is temporal differentiation?

A

Ecosystems can be compared across time scales.

Temporal scales can be short (24hrs), mid-term like seasonal change or long term over years.

44
Q

What is the physical gradient

A

Environmental gradients relate to variations in site characteristics and may be described by changes in elevation, changes in site index, or variation in other abiotic factors.

45
Q

What are the two special types of patterns?

A
  • Zonation

- Stratification

46
Q

What do zonation and stratification both show?

A

Both show variation, both vertical and horizontal.

47
Q

Define range of tolerances regarding populations?

A

Populations have a range of tolerances to variations in their physical and chemical environments.

48
Q

What is the law of limiting factors?

A

A factor in the environment that limits an organisms ability to survive, grow and reproduce.

49
Q

Give 3 examples of abiotic limiting factors

A
  • Temperature
  • Moisture
  • Salinity
  • Turbidity
  • Light
  • Elevation
  • pH
  • Nutrient content
50
Q

Give 2 examples of biotic limiting factors

A
  • Competition
  • Availability of mates
  • Availability of food
  • Disease
  • Parasitism
51
Q

CN4 (paper 9)

A

IDK

52
Q

Examples of abiotic changes over spatial differentiation would include…

A
  • Temperature/ hummidity
  • Rain fall
  • Soil depth & type
  • Wind speed
  • Light intensity
  • Chemical composition
  • Dissolved oxygen
53
Q

Spatial =?

A

Space, area, location

54
Q

Temporal =?

A

Time period

Biology (Year 12) QLD (16 decks)

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