Classification Processes - species (PPT10-12) [U3/T1] Flashcards
What are the three domains classified by physical traits
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukaryote
What are the main physical features of bacteria?
Provide an example
- Lack distinct nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
- Pathogens, harmless bacteria, beneficial and photoplasm
Example
- Cyanobacteria
- Heterotrophic
What are the main physical features of Archaea?
Provide an example
- Resemble bacteria
- Possess several metabolic pathways
- membrane lipids are unique
Example
- Halophiles
- Thermophiles
What are the main physical features of Eukaryotic?
Provide an example
- Complex cell structure
- True nucleus
- Membrane-bound organelles
Example
- Animals
- Plants
- Fungi
- Basel protists
- Chromosts
- Alveolates
What is the Linnaean system based on?
On hierarchical groups from largest to smallest based on physical/ structural features
CLASSIFICATION BY REPRODUCTIVE MEans
CN16
idk
CLASSIFCATION BY MOLECULAR SEQUENCES
CN16
IDK
Explain a molecular clock and how mutation rate can be used to determine how long ago two species diverged.
- The greater the difference in the DNA sequences between 2 species, the more time is inferred to have passed since they shared a common anchestor.
- Neutral mutation rate is hypothesized to be constant over time.
- Calculate how long organises diverged from one another.
- DNA bas sequences of two species are similar, few mutations have occurred.
- More time, more mutations, longer divergence time.
EXPLAIN WHAT MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IS AND WHY ITS A GOOD CANDIDATE FOR MOLECULAR SEQUENCING FOR DATING RELATEDNESS.
IDK
Protein sequences
- Similar to DNA, protein structures can be used in classification.
- Proteins made of sequenced amino acids.
- Closer the sequence of amino acids = closer he two proteins are showing a relationship between organisms
- Proteins mutate at different rates.
Describe the species interaction of predation exploitation, and the impact it has on the species involved.
Description:
- One species benifts (predator) at the expense of the other (prey)
Impact:
(+) predator
(-) prey
Describe the species interaction of competition, and the impact it has on the species involved.
Description:
- Both species are harmed as they compete for limited or finate resources.
- When within the same species, its called Intraspecific
- When occurring in different species, its called Interspecific
Impact:
(-) and (-)
Describe the species interaction of Disease/ parasitism, and the impact it has on the species involved.
Description:
- Pathogen/ parasite lives in or one host, negitivly impacting the functioning of the host
- One species benefits (pathogen/ parasite) at the expense of another (host)
Impact:
(+) pathogen/ parasite
(-) host
(+) vector, (-) host
Describe the species interaction of mutualism, and the impact it has on the species involved.
Description:
- Both species benifit from association
- Benifit could be food or protection, but both are better off
Impact:
(+) and (+)
Describe the species interaction of commensalism, and the impact it has on the species involved.
Description:
- One species benfits from the relationship, the other is unaffected.
Impact:
(+) and (0)
Describe the species interaction of Amensalism, and the impact it has on the species involved.
Description:
- One is harmed while the other is unaffected
Impact:
(-) and (0)
CN 17, DIAGRAM ON FIRST PAGE
IDK
Define a rooted tree (cladograms)
Has a node at the base representing a common anchestor which connects the groups
Define an unrooted tree (cladograms)
Shows relationships between orgainsims, but does not depict the common anchestor.
Define scaled branches (cladograms)
Branch lengths differ based on number of evolutionary changes or distance.
Define unscaled branches (cladograms)
Branches are not proportional to the number of changes occurring. Used to show evolutionary relationship.
What is a cladogram?
A type of phylogenetic tree in which all organisms are grouped according to most
What are the three assumptions cladistics rely on?
- As all life evolved from a single anchestor, any group of organisms will share a common anchestor at some point in the past.
- The offspring of ancestra species diverge dichotomously (bifurcation)
- Organisms become increasingly different as they continue to evolve from their point of divergence (cladogenesis).
Define a clade (in taxonomy)
A group of organisms that consist of a common anchestor and ALL its lineal descendants
Define a biological species
A grouping of oragnisms that can interbreed and are reproductivly isolated from other such groups
Define a hybrid
The result of the interbreeding of 2 different species.
Provide an example of a hybrid
Mules - created by the crossing of a male donkey and female horse
Why are mules infertile?
The odd number of chromosomes renders them unable to successfully form gametes through meiosis. Without successful gametes, mules cannot produce offspring.
List limitations of the biological species concept
- Interbreeding cannot apply to extint populations
- Asexually breeding organisms do not breed with one another
- Organisms don’t meet the definition which limits usefulness
Morphological species concept characterises species by…
their physical characteristics
What are the advantages of the Morphological species concept
- Applied asexually and sexually
- Easily applied
- Little subjective
What are the limitations of the Morphological species concept
IDK
Phylogenetic species concept characterises species as…
being the smallest clade or group who can trace all their origins to a single common anchestor.
What are the advantages of the Phylogenetic species concept
IDK
What are the limitations of the Phylogenetic species concept
- No detailed genetic and evolutionary histories on all organisms
