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Biology (Year 12) QLD > Classification of Ecosystems (PPT4-5B) [U3/ T1] > Flashcards

Classification of Ecosystems (PPT4-5B) [U3/ T1] Flashcards

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1
Q

Define classification

A

Grouping things that have similarities together

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2
Q

Define habitats

A

The environments were organisms live and grow

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3
Q

How are habitats classified

A

By their abiotic and biotic factors

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4
Q

Define microhabitats

A

Small unique places to live within bigger places to live

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5
Q

Define ecosystems

A

Are composed of varied habitats

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6
Q

Define ecoregion

A

Contain geographically distinct groups of plants and animals that have evolved in relative isolation

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7
Q

Why classify ecosystems?

A

It groups common areas, improves understanding, helps differentiate, helps improve ecosystem management and ecosystem protection.

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8
Q

SPECHT classification

A

NOT DONE

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9
Q

ANAE classification

A

NOT DONE

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10
Q

Determine population size

A

It describes the number of individual organisms present in a given population at a given time.

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11
Q

Give an example of population size

Does not need to be identical, just similar

A

E.g. There are 100 eucalypt trees in one square kilometre of a forest then it’s reasonable to estimate that there is about 1000 eucalyptus in 10 square kms.

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12
Q

What is the formula for calculating population density?

A

Population density = Number of individual
——————————-
Unit Area

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13
Q

Determine community composition

A

Sampling can reveal which species are present in an ecosystem and this helps build a picture of community structure.

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14
Q

Determine population distribution

A

The way individuals are spaced in the physical environment.

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15
Q

Identify environmental gradients

A

Changes in abiotic factors can influence biotic distribution and frequency.

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16
Q

When is random sampling used?

A

When the are under study is fairly uniform, very large and there is limited time available.

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17
Q

How is bias minimised when using random sampling

A
  • A random number generator

- A grid system

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18
Q

What are the advantages of random sampling?

A
  • Unbiased data
  • Easy to understand & implement
  • Data analysis is straight forward
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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of random sampling?

A
  • Difficult to get truly random samples
  • Limited by population pattern
  • Hard to see clear trends
  • May miss specialised habitats
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20
Q

When are systematic samplings taken?

A

Taken at regularly spaced individuals over space or time.

21
Q

What is systematic sampling useful for finding out?

A
  • Estimating spatial patterns

- Ensures uniform coverage of the site

22
Q

What does systematic sampling involve?

A

Normally a transect line where a sampling line is set up across areas where there are clear environmental gradients.

23
Q

What are the advantages of systematic sampling?

A
  • Useful when the population distribution is unknown
  • More complete coverage
  • Identifying an environmental gradient
24
Q

What are the disadvantages of systematic sampling?

A
  • Very time consuming
  • Not as efficient
  • May miss microhabitats
25
Q

What is stratified sampling

A

A statistical technique that divides an area into manageable non-overlaping strata for separate sampling.

26
Q

How do we stratify sample?

A
  1. Breaks a population/ ecosystem down into subgroups or layers called strata.
  2. Data samples are randomly or systematically taken from each stratum in preparation for its representation in the total population.
27
Q

What are the advantages of stratified sampling?

A
  • Useful for a heterogenous/ non-uniform population
  • Greater precision
  • Considers all different areas
  • Good for comparing subsets
28
Q

What are the disadvantages of stratified sampling?

A
  • Need prior knowledge of the area
  • Difficult to establish a different area of a habitat
  • Identified areas can be difficult to reach
29
Q

What are the three general types of surveying techniques used to select individuals?

A
  • Quadrats
  • Transects
  • Capture tag and release
30
Q

How can quadrats be located?

A
  • Randomly using a random number table
  • Randomly but proportionally within an identified stratum
  • Systematically at regular intervals across a transect line or grid pattern.
31
Q

What are the adventages of quadrats?

A
  • Easy to use
  • Inexpensive
  • Suitable for studying a variety of plants and animals
32
Q

What are the disadvantages of quadrats?

A
  • Work must be completed in the field

- Prone to study errors

33
Q

Compare transects to quadrats

A

Quadrats:

  • fairly uniform
  • remove bias
  • good for limited time

Transects:

  • show zonation of species along some environmental gradient
  • sample linear habitats
34
Q

Compare line to belt transects

A

Line:

  • faster process
  • shows the location of species
  • uses transect diagram

Belt:

  • more data
  • shows location & number of species
  • allows bar charts
35
Q

What is the formula for Mark and recapture?

A

N= M x n
———
m

36
Q

What does each letter in the mark and recapture formula stand for?

A

M= number of individuals caught, marked and initially released.

n= Number of individuals caught on second sampling

m= number of marked individuals recaptured

37
Q

What can qualitative data be broken down into?

A

Ordinal - if you can order it, it’s ordinal (often, rarely, never)

Nominal - if you can brand it, it’s nominal (coloured blue, red, etc)

38
Q

What can quantitative data be broken down into?

A

Discrete - if you can count it, it’s discrete (1, 3, 54, etc)

Continuous - if you can measure it and reduce it by half but still make sense, it’s continuous)

39
Q

What are the types of graphs generally used

A
  • Scatter plot
  • Line graph
  • Bar and column graph
  • pie charts
40
Q

What do error bars communicate?

A
  • spread of data
  • reliability of the mean
  • likelihood of there being a significant difference between data sets
41
Q

GRAPH CONSTRUCTION

A

IDK

42
Q

Stratified sampling in terms of data analysis

A

IDK

43
Q

Measure of spread

A

IDK

44
Q

Define null hypothesis

A
  • Assumption you’re beginning with

- Opposite of what you’re testing

45
Q

Define alternative hypothesis

A
  • The claim your testing
46
Q

What are the two types of T-tests

A
  • Unpaired t-tests

- Paired t-tests

47
Q

When do you complete a paired T-test?

A
  • independent groups

- equal sample sizes

48
Q

When do you complete an unpaired T-test?

A
  • non-independant group

- unequal sample sizes

Biology (Year 12) QLD (16 decks)

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