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Human Sciences 1 ( Year 0) > Gene Expression And Protein Production > Flashcards

Gene Expression And Protein Production Flashcards

1
Q

Draw a DNA and RNA nucleotide

A
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2
Q

Compare DNA to RNA

A
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA and what do they do

A
  1. tRNA - binds amino acid molecules dependant on the three base code it is carrying This is effectively the interpreter in the translation
  2. rRNA - structural or catalytic (enzyme - ribozyme) roles in ribosomes
  3. mRNA - carries information specifying the amino acid sequences from DNA to ribosomes
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4
Q

What is gene expression?

A

When a gene is turned into a function (protein or non coding RNA molecules that serve other functions)

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5
Q

Gene expression can be divided into two stages……

A

Transcription and translation

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6
Q

What is a genome?

A

The complete set of genes in a cell (including those in mitochondria and chloroplasts)

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7
Q

What is a proteome?

A

The full range of proteins that a cell can produce ( coded for by the cell’s DNA/ genome)

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8
Q

What is transcription?

A

Production of mRNA from DNA, in the nucleus

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9
Q

What is translation?

A

Production of polypeptides from the sequence of codons carried by mRNA, at ribosomes

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10
Q

Chromatin is approx:
….% DNA
….% histones
….% RNA

A

30
60
10

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11
Q

Chromosomes are very long strands of DNA compacted by being wound round molecules called ….. and then coiled up

A

Histones

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12
Q

How does transcription occur?

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds between DNA bases break
  2. Only one DNA strand acts as a template
  3. Free RNA nucleotides align next to their complementary bases on the template strand
    -In RNA, uracil is used in place of thymine (pairing with adenine in DNA)
  4. RNA polymerase joins adjacent RNA nucleotides
  5. This forms phosphodiester bonds via condensation reactions
  6. Pre-mRNA is formed and this is spliced to remove introns, forming (mature) mRNA
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13
Q

Gene expression is controlled at the …………. ………

A

Transcription stage

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14
Q

How does translation occur?

A
  1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome and the ribosome moves to a start codon
  2. tRNA brings a specific amino acid
  3. tRNA anticodon binds to complementary mRNA codon
  4. Ribosome moves along to next codon and another tRNA binds so 2 amino acids can be joined by a condensation reaction forming a peptide bond
    -Using energy from hydrolysis of ATP
  5. tRNA released after amino acid joined polypeptide
  6. Ribosome moves along mRNA to form the polypeptide, until a stop codon is reached
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15
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes that are found in cells?

A

Free ribosomes and bound ribosomes

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16
Q

What do free ribosomes do?

A

Free ribosomes mostly synthesize proteins that function in the cytosol

17
Q

What do bound proteins do ?

A

Bound ribosomes make proteins of the endomembrane system and proteins that are secreted from the cell

18
Q

Ribosomes are ………. And can switch from free to bound

A

Identical

19
Q

The ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA…..

A

-p site
-a site
-e site

20
Q

Multiple ribosomes can translate a single mRNA molecule simultaneously forming a ………..

A

Polyribosome

21
Q

What do polyribosomes enable?

A

enable a cell to make many copies of a polypeptide very quickly

22
Q

Transport of new proteins

A
23
Q

Post translation

A
24
Q

Describe the primary structure of a protein

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, joined by peptide bonds

25
Q

Describe the secondary structure of a protein

A

● Folding (repeating patterns) of polypeptide chain eg. alpha helix / beta pleated sheets
● Due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids
● Between NH (group of one amino acid) and C=O (group)

26
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of a protein

A

● 3D folding of polypeptide chain
● Due to interactions between amino acid R groups
(dependent on sequence of amino acids)
● Forming hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulfide bridges

27
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of a protein

A

● More than one polypeptide chain
● Formed by interactions between polypeptides
(hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges)

28
Q

What is DNA

A

-DNA is a long double stranded helical molecule composed of multiple nucleotide sequences
-it stores your genetic information
-acts as a template for the protein synthesis

29
Q

What are histones?

A

-proteins that are packed with DNA in the nucleus
-help condense DNA into chromatin

30
Q

What does the DNA double helix contain?

A

-it consists of two complementary DNA strands held together by hydrogen bonds between the base pairs

31
Q

What is a codon?

A

-a sequence of three bases in the DNA molecule that codes for a single amino acid

32
Q

What are introns and exons?

A

-introns-> regions of DNA molecules that do not code for proteins
-exons-> regions of DNA molecules that code for proteins

33
Q

What is a genome?

A

-the complex set of hereditary info in an individual
-contains genes and non coding segments
-2% of genome is composed of genes (code proteins)
-the remaining is non coding parts ( regulatory functions)

34
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase ?

A

responsible for copying DNA sequence into RNA sequence, during transcription

35
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Change in DNA sequence

36
Q

What is a single point mutation and give an example?

A

-changing one purine or pyrimidine
-it may change the amino acid that the nucleotides code for
-e.g. sickle cell anaemia

37
Q

What is an anticodon ?

A

-A sequence of 3 nucleotides
-complementary to the codon in mRNA sequence
-found at one end of tRNA

38
Q

What is an enzyme that catalyses the formation of peptide bonds?

A

Peptidyl transferase

39
Q

Name 4 gene regulations

A

-transcription control
-control of RNA transport
- protein turnover control
-translation control

Human Sciences 1 ( Year 0) (10 decks)

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