Bones And Tissue

Question 1

1-the bone is a rigid form of ……….. …………
2.It forms most of the ………..
3.It is very strong but also lightweight and dynamic in that it is constantly changing
4.Bone is not completely ……… and contains many spaces for the bone marrow and for blood vessels
5.The size and distribution of these spaces determines the classification of bone into either dense (……….) or spongy (………) bone

Answer 1

1. Connective tissue
2. Skeleton
3. solid
4. Compact, cancellous

Question 2

What does yellow bone narrow store?

Answer 2

Energy

Question 3

What are the functions of bones

Answer 3

• Support
• Protection - protecting vital organs e.g. Brain, heart
• Movement - forming joints between bones
• Give attachment points for muscles and tendons
• Make blood cells - Erythropoiesis
• Mineral storage - reservoir within bone essential for maintenance of blood calcium levels
• Energy storage - yellow bone marrow stores lipids

Question 4

Two types of bones can be identified as ………

Answer 4

Compact bone or cancellous bone

Question 5

Cancellous or compact bone ?

Answer 5

Compact bone

Question 6

Cancellous or compact bone ?

Answer 6

Compact

Question 7

Cancellous or compact bone ?

Answer 7

Cancellous

Question 8

Cancellous or compact bone ?

Answer 8

Cancellous

Question 9

COMPACT BONES

1-Contains few spaces and is found immediately beneath the ………….. of all bones
2-Makes up the bulk of the ………. of a long bone
3-Compact bone is made up of repeating structural units called ………… (also called haversian systems)
4-Mostly solid ………. and cells
5………… layer of all bones
6.Functions:………, ……………., …………..
7.Blood supply to deliver ……….. and ……….. essential for the survival of osteocytes and other bone cells

Answer 9

1. Periosteum
2. diaphysis
3. Osteons
4. Matrix
5. Outer
6. Protection, support and weight bearing
7. Nutrients, oxygen

Question 10

CANCELLOUS BONE

1-consists of delicate interconnecting rods or plates of bone called ……
2-……….. occurs when the spongy bone becomes thin

Answer 10

1. Trabeculae
2. Osteoporosis

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

What is the mononuclear cell?

Answer 12

white blood cell with a single large round nucleus, e.g. lymphocyte or monocyte

Question 13

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 13

-Bone building cells
-Do not undergo cell division
-Synthesise and secret collagen fibres and
GAG’S
-Initiate calcification
-Become trapped in extracellular matrix and mature to become osteocytes

Question 14

What are osteocytes?

Answer 14

-Are mature bone cells
-respond to mechanical strain and send signals to CNS
-Are the main cell in bone tissue and maintain daily functions such as nutrient and waste exchange with blood
-They do not undergo cell division

Question 15

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 15

-Very large cells formed by the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (type of white blood cell)
-Concentrated in the endosteum
-Releases powerful enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral elements of extracellular bone matrix (resorption)
-help regulate blood calcium levels in response to certain hormones
-Break down bone tissue, releasing calcium in the bloodstream

Question 16

-Bone is a connective tissue composed of a rich extracellular matrix (ECM), which separates and surrounds cells.
-The ECM consists of about ……. % water,….…% collagen, and …….% mineral salts.

Answer 16

15, 30, 55

Question 17

1.The main mineral salt in bone is calcium phosphate, which combines with calcium hydroxide to form ………………crystals.

2.these crystals bind with other minerals like calcium carbonate, magnesium, and potassium, hardening the tissue through a process called ………….

3.This process is driven by ………….., the bone-forming cells.

Answer 17

1.Hydroxyapatite
2. Calcification
3.osteoblasts

Question 18

1-Bone formation (………….) occurs in two stages: first bone forms from an ………..membrane or ………. model, and once ossified, it is constantly remodeled throughout life in response to external forces.
2-The ossification and remodeling process is controlled by specific cells

Answer 18

1- ossification, embryonic, cartilage

Question 19

1-………………cells are stem cells that give rise to ………, the cells responsible for bone formation.
2-These cells are located in the inner layers of the ………….. and ……….. and are the only bone cells capable of ………..

Answer 19

1-osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts
2- periosteum, endosteum, division

Question 20

What are the 6 types of bones?

Answer 20

-long
-short
-flat
-sesamoid
-sutural
-irregular

Question 21

Name 2 examples of a long bone

Answer 21

Humerus, phalanges

Question 22

Answer 22

Phalanges

Question 23

Name the highlighted part

Answer 23

Humerus

Question 24

Name an example of a short bone

Answer 24

Carpal bone

Question 25

Name the highlighted part

Answer 25

Carpal bone

Question 26

Give an example of an irregular bone

Answer 26

Vertebrae

Question 27

Name the highlighted part

Answer 27

Vertebrae

Question 28

What are sutural bones?

Answer 28

Small but variable bones that develop within the sutures of some cranial bones

Question 29

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

Answer 29

Patella

Question 30

Name the highlighted part

Answer 30

Patella

Question 31

Give an example of a flat bone

Answer 31

Scapula

Question 32

Name the highlighted part

Answer 32

Scapula