Bones And Tissue Flashcards
1-the bone is a rigid form of ……….. …………
2.It forms most of the ………..
3.It is very strong but also lightweight and dynamic in that it is constantly changing
4.Bone is not completely ……… and contains many spaces for the bone marrow and for blood vessels
5.The size and distribution of these spaces determines the classification of bone into either dense (……….) or spongy (………) bone
- Connective tissue
- Skeleton
- solid
- Compact, cancellous
What does yellow bone narrow store?
Energy
What are the functions of bones
• Support
• Protection - protecting vital organs e.g. Brain, heart
• Movement - forming joints between bones
• Give attachment points for muscles and tendons
• Make blood cells - Erythropoiesis
• Mineral storage - reservoir within bone essential for maintenance of blood calcium levels
• Energy storage - yellow bone marrow stores lipids
Two types of bones can be identified as ………
Compact bone or cancellous bone
Cancellous or compact bone ?
Compact bone
Cancellous or compact bone ?
Compact
Cancellous or compact bone ?
Cancellous
Cancellous or compact bone ?
Cancellous
COMPACT BONES
1-Contains few spaces and is found immediately beneath the ………….. of all bones
2-Makes up the bulk of the ………. of a long bone
3-Compact bone is made up of repeating structural units called ………… (also called haversian systems)
4-Mostly solid ………. and cells
5………… layer of all bones
6.Functions:………, ……………., …………..
7.Blood supply to deliver ……….. and ……….. essential for the survival of osteocytes and other bone cells
- Periosteum
- diaphysis
- Osteons
- Matrix
- Outer
- Protection, support and weight bearing
- Nutrients, oxygen
CANCELLOUS BONE
1-consists of delicate interconnecting rods or plates of bone called ……
2-……….. occurs when the spongy bone becomes thin
- Trabeculae
- Osteoporosis
What is the mononuclear cell?
white blood cell with a single large round nucleus, e.g. lymphocyte or monocyte
What are osteoblasts?
-Bone building cells
-Do not undergo cell division
-Synthesise and secret collagen fibres and
GAG’S
-Initiate calcification
-Become trapped in extracellular matrix and mature to become osteocytes
What are osteocytes?
-Are mature bone cells
-respond to mechanical strain and send signals to CNS
-Are the main cell in bone tissue and maintain daily functions such as nutrient and waste exchange with blood
-They do not undergo cell division
What are osteoclasts?
-Very large cells formed by the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (type of white blood cell)
-Concentrated in the endosteum
-Releases powerful enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral elements of extracellular bone matrix (resorption)
-help regulate blood calcium levels in response to certain hormones
-Break down bone tissue, releasing calcium in the bloodstream
-Bone is a connective tissue composed of a rich extracellular matrix (ECM), which separates and surrounds cells.
-The ECM consists of about ……. % water,….…% collagen, and …….% mineral salts.
15, 30, 55
1.The main mineral salt in bone is calcium phosphate, which combines with calcium hydroxide to form ………………crystals.
2.these crystals bind with other minerals like calcium carbonate, magnesium, and potassium, hardening the tissue through a process called ………….
3.This process is driven by ………….., the bone-forming cells.
1.Hydroxyapatite
2. Calcification
3.osteoblasts
1-Bone formation (………….) occurs in two stages: first bone forms from an ………..membrane or ………. model, and once ossified, it is constantly remodeled throughout life in response to external forces.
2-The ossification and remodeling process is controlled by specific cells
1- ossification, embryonic, cartilage
1-………………cells are stem cells that give rise to ………, the cells responsible for bone formation.
2-These cells are located in the inner layers of the ………….. and ……….. and are the only bone cells capable of ………..
1-osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts
2- periosteum, endosteum, division
What are the 6 types of bones?
-long
-short
-flat
-sesamoid
-sutural
-irregular
Name 2 examples of a long bone
Humerus, phalanges
Phalanges
Name the highlighted part
Humerus
Name an example of a short bone
Carpal bone
Name the highlighted part
Carpal bone
Give an example of an irregular bone
Vertebrae
Name the highlighted part
Vertebrae
What are sutural bones?
Small but variable bones that develop within the sutures of some cranial bones
Give an example of a sesamoid bone
Patella
Name the highlighted part
Patella
Give an example of a flat bone
Scapula
Name the highlighted part
Scapula
