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Biology 1 > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Heredity?

A

the genetic transmission of characteristics or traits from parents to their children

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2
Q

What are Genes?

A

the functional units of heredity, each gene is a piece of a DNA molecule

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3
Q

what is the method of storing information in a DNA molecule

A

the sequence/order of nucleotides in DNA molecules is a based on a triplet code

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4
Q

what is the triplet code

A

3 consecutive nucleotides called triplets form the word of the triplet code

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5
Q

chromosomes contain thousands of

A

genes

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6
Q

what are the two major type of genes

A

structural genes and regulatory genes

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7
Q

structural genes

A

DNA sequences that determine specific amino acid sequences in proteins,
such as enzymes; hormones; or structural proteins, such as collagen

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8
Q

regulatory genes

A

DNA sequences involved in controlling which structural genes are expressed
in a given tissue

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9
Q

what is gene expression

A

making of proteins from the information stored in DNA

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10
Q

genes expression has two main steps

A

transcription

translation

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11
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

A

the synthesis of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA based on the nucleotide sequence in DNA

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12
Q

why does DNA stay in the nuclues

A

it is too big to leave through the nuclear pore

complex

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13
Q

when does transcription occur

A

when a section of a double-stranded DNA molecule unwinds and its complementary strands separate

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14
Q

One of the DNA strands serves as the what during transcription

A

as the template strand for the

process of transcription.

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15
Q

what happens in terms of alignment in transcription

A

Nucleotides that form RNA align with the DNA nucleotides in the template strand by complementary base pairing

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16
Q

what is the pairing

A 
RNA -------> DNA
A                   T
C                    G
G                     C
U                      A
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17
Q

ATCGU is basically what

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

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18
Q

RNA polymerase

A

is an enzyme that synthesizes the complementary RNA molecule from DNA

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19
Q

DNA polymerase associate with other proteins called

A

transcription factors

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20
Q

why does DNA polymerase associate with transcription factors

A

in order to bind to the DNA

at a specific sequence called a promoter

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21
Q

what happens when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter

A

it causes
a portion of the DNA molecule to unwind, exposing the nucleotide sequence for that region of the
template strand.

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22
Q

to form mRNA what does RNA go through

A

The RNA nucleotides are combined by dehydration reactions,
catalyzed by RNA
polymerase, to form mRNA.

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23
Q

Only a small portion of the DNA molecule unwinds at any one time. T or F

A

true

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24
Q

As complementary nucleotides are added to the mRNA what is happening to RNA polymerase

A

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA
unwinding the next portion, while the previously unwound section of DNA strands winds back
together.

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25
Q

When RNA polymerase encounters a DNA nucleotide sequence called the terminator what happens

A

it detaches from the DNA releasing the newly formed mRNA.

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26
Q

The region of a DNA molecule between the promoter and terminator is a

A

gene

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27
Q

Some regions of a gene that are transcribed to form mRNA do not code what

A

parts of a protein

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28
Q

The DNA sequence of a gene contains two regions that do not code for proteins they are

A

flanking untranslated regions

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29
Q

the flanking untranslated regions function for what

A

regulation of translation

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30
Q

During transcription, the sequence of nucleotides in DNA between the promoter and the
terminator serve as a

A

template to make an RNA molecule called pre-mRNA

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31
Q

what are exons

A

sections of the protein coding region of RNA that code for parts of a protein

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32
Q

what are introns

A

sections of the protein coding region of RNA that code for do not code for parts of a protein

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33
Q

posttranscriptional processing

A

the modifications pre-mRNA undergoes before leaving the nucleus which produces the functional mRNA

34
Q

The posttranscriptional processing are

A
  1. A 7 –methyl guanosine cap is added to one end of mRNA.
  2. A series of adenine nucleotides, called a poly-A tail, is added to the other end.
  3. Splicing
35
Q

These modifications to the ends of the mRNA ensure what

A

that mRNA travels from the nucleus to

the cytoplasm and interacts with ribosomes during translation.

36
Q

what are spliceosomes

A

enzymes that remove introns from the pre-mRNA and splices exons together

37
Q

The functional mRNA consists only of

A

exons

38
Q

alternative splicing

A

various combinations of exons are incorporated into mRNA

39
Q

Which exons, and how many exons, are used to make mRNA can vary between cells of

A

different tissues, resulting in different mRNAs transcribed from the same gene

40
Q

what does alternative splicing allow for

A

allows a single gene to produce more than one specific protein; however, the
various proteins usually have similar functions in different tissues.

41
Q

Genetic Code

A

the information contained in mRNA

42
Q

codons

A

the genetic code is carried in set of three nucleotide units

43
Q

what does a codon do

A

A codon specifies an amino acid during translation.

44
Q

the codon GAU specifies the amino acid

A

aspartic acid

45
Q

the codon CGA specifies

A

arginine

46
Q

how many aminoacide exist and how many possible codons

A

There are only

20 different amino acids, and 64 possible codons exist

47
Q

an amino acid can have more than one codon true of false

A

true

48
Q

the codons for the amino acid arginine include

A

CGA, CGG, CGU, and CGC

49
Q

AUG does what

A

specifies methionine, also acts as a start codon, which signals the beginning of
translation.

50
Q

UAA, UGA, and UAG act as

A

stop codons, which signal the end of translation

51
Q

do stop codons specify amino acids

A

no they don’t

52
Q

where does the protein-coding region

of an mRNA begin and end

A

begin at the start codon

ends at the stop codon

53
Q

Translation

A

is the synthesis of proteins

54
Q

what two things join together in translation and what do they form

A

mRNA (cytoplasm) + ribosomes (rRNA and proteins)

make new proteins

55
Q

Transfer RNAs (tRNA) function in translation

A

carry the amino acids to the ribosome-mRNA

complex. To do this, one end of each kind of tRNA combines with a specific amino acid.

56
Q

Another

part of the tRNA called the what is it

A

anticodon

consists of three nucleotides and is complementary to a particular codon of mRNA

57
Q

On the basis of the pairing relationships between nucleotides, the anticodon can combine only with its

A

matched codon

58
Q

tRNA that binds to aspartic acid has the anticodon

A

CUA

59
Q

CUA combines with what

A

the codon GAU of mRNA

60
Q

Therefore the codon GAU codes for

A

aspartic acid

61
Q

Ribosomes align the codons of the

A

mRNA with the anticodons of tRNA

and then enzymatically join the amino acids of adjacent tRNA molecules.

62
Q

how does the mRNA move through the ribosome

A

one codon at a time

63
Q

With each move, a new tRNA enters the ribosome and

A

the amino acid is linked to the growing chain, forming a polypeptide

64
Q

After the initial part of mRNA is used by a ribosome, another ribosome can attach to the mRNA
and begin to make a

A

protein

65
Q

polyribosome

A

The resulting cluster of ribosomes attached to the mRNA

66
Q

Each ribosome in a polyribosome produces an

A

identical protein

67
Q

polyribosomes are an efficient way to use a single mRNA molecule to

A

produce many copies of the same protein

68
Q

proproteins

A

proteins that are longer when first made than they are in their final, functional state.

69
Q

the extra piece of the molecule is cleaved (cut) off by enzymes

A

enzymes to make the proprotein into a functional protein

70
Q

proenzymes

A

Many proteins are enzymes, and the proproteins of those enzymes

71
Q

If many

proenzymes were made within cells as functional enzymes what could they do and how is that prevented

A

digest the cell that made them
Instead, they are made as proenzymes and are not converted to active enzymes until they
reach a protected region of the body, such as inside the small intestine, where they are functional

72
Q

Other post-translational processing includes:

A

Adding of side chains to the protein, such as polysaccharides (ex. glycoproteins)

Some proteins are composed of two or more amino acid chains that are joined after each
chain is produced on separate ribosomes. (ex: hemoglobin is made of 4 proteins each made
alone and assemble into a tetramer after translation)

73
Q

Most of the cells in the body have the same

A

DNA

74
Q

The transcription of mRNA in cells is regulated this means what

A

some DNA is transcribed and other DNA is not

75
Q

the proteins assoicated with DNA in the nucleus play what kind of role

A

play a role in regulating the transcription

76
Q

during development what happens in terms of parts of the DNA

A

during development, part of the DNA becomes

nonfunctional and is not transcribed, whereas other segments of DNA remain very active.

77
Q

developing RBC in terms of DNA

A

in developing red blood cells, the DNA coding for hemoglobin is functional, and
hemoglobin synthesis occurs rapidly. But in most other cells the DNA coding for hemoglobin is
nonfunctional, and little if any hemoglobin is synthesized.

78
Q

is gene expression in a cell constant and how rapidly does it occur

A

Gene expression in a single cell is not normally constant, but it occurs more rapidly at some times
than others.

79
Q

what can Regulatory molecules that interact with the nuclear proteins do

A

increase or decrease the transcription rate of specific DNA segments.

80
Q

triiodothyronine (T3), a
hormone released by cells of the thyroid gland, enters cells, such as skeletal muscle cells; interacts
with specific nuclear proteins; and increases specific types of mRNA transcription. what happens as a consequence

A

the production of certain proteins increases. As a result, an increase in the number of
mitochondria and an increase in metabolism occur in these cells.

81
Q

“CATGAGTAG

A

has a meaning, which is used to construct other DNA

molecules, RNA molecules, or proteins

Biology 1 (11 decks)

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