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Biology > Gene Expression 1.3 > Flashcards

Gene Expression 1.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two parts of gene expression

A

Transcription and translation

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2
Q

What is within an RNA nucleotide

A

Phosphate
Base (A U G C)
Ribose sugar

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3
Q

Is RNA single or double stranded

A

Single stranded

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4
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

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5
Q

What is mRNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome

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6
Q

How is mRNA used in transcription and translation

A

mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus and translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Each triplet of bases on the mRNA molecule is called a codon and codes for a specific amino acid

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7
Q

What is tRNA

A

tRNA is a single stranded molecule but folds due to complementary base pairing. Each tRNA molecule carries its specific amino acid to the ribosome.
A tRNA molecule has an anticodon at one end and an attachment site for a specific amino acid at the other end

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8
Q

What is rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA and proteins form the ribosome. The ribosome is the structure where protein synthesis takes place

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9
Q

What is transcription

A

When a gene is to be expressed the base sequence of DNA is copied or transcribed into mRNA

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10
Q

What is step 1 of transcription

A

RNA polymerase moves along DNA unwinding the double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases

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11
Q

What is step 2 of transcription

A

As RHA polymerase breaks the bonds, it synthesises a primary transcript of mRNA using RNA nucleotides. These form hydrogen bonds with the exposed DNA strand by complementary base pairing

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12
Q

What is step 3 of transcription

A

RNA splicing forms a mature mRNA transcript. Uracil in RNA is complementary to adenine

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13
Q

What does a primary transcript consist of

A

Introns and exons

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14
Q

Is it introns or exons that get removed

A

Introns

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15
Q

What are the two steps of splicing

A

Remove the introns
Join the remaining exons together

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16
Q

What is it called when different proteins can be expressed from one gene

A

Alternative splicing

17
Q

What is alternative splicing

A

Different mature mRNA transcripts are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which exons are retained

18
Q

What is translation

A

Once mRNA is out of the nucleus, it travels to the ribosome where it can now be translated into a protein in the cytoplasm

19
Q

What is step 1 of translation

A

tRNA molecules have a triplet of unpaired bases at one end (known as an anticodon) and a region where a specific amino acid cab attach

20
Q

What is step 2 of translation

A

The mRNA molecule travels through the cytoplasm and attaches to the ribosome

21
Q

What is step 3 of translation

A

tRNA molecules transport specific amino acids to the ribosomes

22
Q

What is step 4 of translation

A

Each mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid

23
Q

What is step 5 of translation

A

The first codon of an mRNA molecule is a start codon. This signals the beginning od translation

24
Q

What is step 6 of translation

A

The anticodons and codons match up and form complementary base pairs. So the genetic code is translated into a sequence of amino acids

25
Q

What is step 7 of translation

A

Peptide bonds form between the adjacent amino acids to form the polypeptide (protein)

26
Q

What is step 8 of translation

A

Used tRNA molecules exit the ribosome and collect another specific amino acid

27
Q

When using a decoder what code for amino acids is used

A

mRNA code

28
Q

What links amino acids to form a polypeptide

A

Peptide bonds

29
Q

What determines a proteins function

A

The shape

30
Q

Where is the location of transcription

A

Nucleus

31
Q

Where is the location of translation

A

Ribosomes

32
Q

What is the final product of transcription

A

Mature mRNA

33
Q

What is the final product of translation

A

Polypeptide chain

Biology (12 decks)

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