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Biology > Division And Differentiation In Human Cells 1.1 > Flashcards

Division And Differentiation In Human Cells 1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three groups that cells can be organised into

A

Somatic cells
Germline cells
Stem cells

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2
Q

What are somatic cells

A

Any cell in the body other than cells involved in reproduction

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3
Q

What are germline cells

A

Germline cells are gametes (egg and sperm)

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4
Q

What are stem cells

A

Cells that are undifferentiated (don’t have a specific role)

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5
Q

What are the two types of cell division

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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6
Q

What is mitosis and why is it important

A

Mitosis is the process of cell division. It is important because it provides new cells for growth and repair of damaged cells and maintains the diploid chromosome complement

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7
Q

What is meiosis

A

Meiosis is a special type of cell division involving 2 divisions resulting in haploid cells which have half the chromosomes of the parent cell

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8
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: how many cell divisions

A

Mitosis = 1
Meiosis =2

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9
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: how many daughter cells are produced

A

Mitosis = 2
Meiosis =4

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10
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: compared to parent cell

A

Mitosis = identical
Meiosis = half the number of chromosomes

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11
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: type of cell produced

A

Mitosis = somatic cells
Meiosis = germline cells

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12
Q

Somatic stem cells divide by mitosis to form ….

A

More somatic cells

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13
Q

Somatic cells
1.Is parent cell haploid or diploid ?
2.Type of cell division ?
3.Is daughter cell haploid or diploid ?

A
  1. Diploid
  2. Mitosis
  3. Diploid
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14
Q

Germline cells
1.Is parent cell haploid or diploid ?
2. Type of division ?
3. Is daughter cell haploid or diploid?

A
  1. Diploid
  2. Meiosis
  3. Haploid
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15
Q

Stem cells
1.Is parent cell haploid or diploid ?
2. Type of division ?
3. Is daughter cell haploid or diploid?

A
  1. Diploid
  2. Mitosis
  3. Diploid
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16
Q

What is cellular differentiation

A

Cellular differentiation is the process by which a cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins specific to that type of cell

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17
Q

Why does cellular differentiation occur

A

This occurs because certain genes are switched iff and certain genes are left switched in

18
Q

What does cellular differentiation allow cells to carry out

A

Specialised functions

19
Q

Function of muscle cells

A

Contract to allow us to move/allows movement

20
Q

Function of nerve cells

A

Sends electrical impulses around the body

21
Q

Function of sperm cells

A

Fuse with egg to produce a zygote

22
Q

Function of red blood cell

A

Carries oxygen around the body

23
Q

What is a negative of specialisation

A

Differentiated cells often lose the ability to make new copies of themselves

24
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Cells in the very early embryo can differentiate into all the cells types that make up the individual and so a pluripotent

25
Q

What are tissue stem cells

A

Tissue stem cells are involved in the growth, repair and renewal of the cells found in that tissue. They are multipotent. Tissue stem cells are multipotent as they can differentiate into all of the types of cell found in a particular tissue type

26
Q

Embryonic stem cells vs adult stem cells:
Found/location

A

Embryonic stem cells = embryo
Adult stem cells = tissue/bone marrow

27
Q

Embryonic stem cells vs adult stem cells:
Gene expression

A

Embryonic = all are switched on
Adult = only some genes are switched on

28
Q

Embryonic stem cells vs adult stem cells:
Differentiation into cell types

A

Embryonic = all cell types (pluripotent)
Adult = certain cell types (multipotent)

29
Q

What are therapeutic uses of stem cells

A

Stem cells have already been used therapeutically to repair damaged or diseased organs, for example bone marrow transplants, corneal transplants and skin grafts for burns

30
Q

Two types of therapeutic uses of tissue stem cells

A

Corneal transplant
Regeneration of damaged skin

31
Q

What is corneal transplant

A

Corneal tissue is regenerated from stem cells then transplanted into patient

32
Q

One issue of corneal transplant

A

Chance of rejection

33
Q

What is regeneration of damaged skin (2)

A
  • damaged skin can be regenerated using tissue stem cells
  • skin cells can also be sprayed onto damaged skin and regenerated
34
Q

Three issues with regeneration of damaged skin

A

Bad scarring
Risk of infection
Painful

35
Q

Two types of research methods for stem cells

A

How diseases develop
Used for drug testing

36
Q

A pro for using embryonic stem cells as research

A

Can offer effective treatments for diseases and conditions (such as type 1 diabetes)

37
Q

A con for using embryonic stem cells for research

A

Destroys/leads to destruction of embryos

38
Q

When a cell becomes cancerous is begins to grow and divide …..

A

Uncontrollably

39
Q

Why do cancer cells divide excessively

A

Because they don’t respond to regulatory signals

40
Q

How is a secondary tumour formed

A

Cells with in the primary tumour fail to attach to each other, spreading through the body

Biology (12 decks)

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