Gene Flashcards
What phrase describes the flow of information from DNA to RNA to Protein?
Central Dogma of Biology
What nucleic acid is double-stranded and consists of phosphate, 4 nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G), and deoxyribose sugar?
DNA
What nucleic acid is single-stranded and consists of phosphate, 4 nitrogenous bases (A, U, C, G), and ribose sugar?
RNA
What is a polymer of amino acids (polypeptide) that folds into a structure that has a function and thus gives phenotypes to organisms?
Protein
What has 3 parts (phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base) and is a monomer building block of nucleic acids?
Nucleotide
What polymer comes in the form of DNA and RNA and consists of nucleotide monomers, and directly serves as a blueprint for proteins, and thru proteins, serves as a blueprint for all cellular structures and activities?
Nucleic Acid (Polynucleotide)
What type of sugar makes up the backbone of nucleic acids?
5-Carbon Sugar
Which 5-carbon sugar is one of the 3 parts of a nucleotide, has a 2’-OH, and is used by RNA?
Ribose
Which 5-carbon sugar is one of the 3 parts of a nucleotide, has a 2’-H and is used by DNA?
Deoxyribose
What molecule is part of the backbone of DNA and RNA, forms phosphodiester bonds, and has the formula PO4?
Phosphate Group
What holds together a single, nucleic acid strand?
Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
What type of bond holds together the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA?
Phosphodiester Bond
What part of a nucleotide base pairs to another nucleotide?
Nitrogenous Base
Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA and RNA, has 2 rings (purine), and forms 2 hydrogen bonds to T-thymine and U-uracil?
Adenine(A)
Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA (but not RNA), has 1 ring (pyrimidine, and forms 2 hydrogen bonds to A-adenine?
Thymine(T)
Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA and RNA, has 1 ring (pyrimidine), and forms 3 hydrogen bonds to G-guanine?
Cytosine(C)
Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA and RNA, has 2 rings (purine), and forms 3 hydrogen bonds to C-cytosine?
Guanine(G)
Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA (but not DNA), has 1 ring (pyrimidine), and forms 2 hydrogen bonds with A-adenine?
Uracil
What type of nitrogenous base has 2 rings and includes both G and A?
Purine
What type of nitrogenous base has 1 ring and includes T, C and U?
Pyrimidine
What is the overall shape of DNA?
DNA Double Helix
By what mechanism does–
--DNA serve as a template for its own replication? ---DNA serve as a template to make RNA during transcription? ---mRNA serve as a template to make polypeptides during translation?
Complementary Base Pairing
What type of bond holds together base pairs?
Hydrogen Bond
How are the 2 strands of a DNA double helix arranged?
Antiparallel
Which end of a DNA or RNA strand has a phosphate?
5’-End
Which end of a DNA or RNA strand has on OH?
3’-End
How is the number of strands of DNA described?
Double Stranded
How is the number of strands of RNA described?
Single Stranded
By what rule is it known that when calculating the amount of DNA in any living thing: A=T and G=C?
Chargaff’s Rule
What is the process by which DNA is synthesized?
DNA Replication
When does DNA Replication occur during the eukaryotic cell cycle?
S phase
What sequence of DNA signals the start of DNA Replication?
Origin of Replication
What protein is used during DNA replication to add nucleotides to the 3’ end of an elongating DNA strand?
DNA Polymerase
What protein is used during DNA replication to link the Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand?
Ligase
What strand of DNA is used as a template during DNA replication?
Parent Strand
Which strand of DNA is synthesized continuously during DNA replication?
Leading Strand
Which strand of DNA is synthesized as Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?
Lagging Strand
What are the pieces of DNA made during discontinuous DNA replication of the lagging strand?
Okazaki Fragments
What is the consequence of DNA replication such that a parent strand becomes one of the 2 strands of both daughter DNA?
Semiconservative DNA Replication
In what part of the eukaryotic cell does DNA replication, transcription, and ribosomal subunit construction take place?
Nucleus
What is the process by which DNA is used as a template to make RNA?
Transcription
What are the 3 steps of transcription?
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
What DNA sequence signals the start of transcription?
Promoter
What DNA sequence signals the end of transcription?
Terminator
What protein uses DNA as a template to make RNA in the process of transcription?
RNA Polymerase
What type of RNA contains a specific sequence of codons that will be translated into a specific sequence of amino acids?
mRNA
What is added to the 5’ end of a eukaryotic mRNA?
5’ cap
What are the parts of the mRNA that are transcribed from DNA but not translated by ribosomes?
UTR
What is a three-nucleotide sequence that specifies a particular amino acid or translation stop?
Codon
What codon is used to begin translation?
Start Codon
What codon is used to end translation?
Stop Codon
What is added to the 3’ end of a eukaryotic mRNA?
Poly-A Tail
In what part of all cells does translation take place?
Cytoplasm
What is the process by which mRNA is used to make polypeptides, which will fold into functional proteins?
Translation
What is the monomer of polypeptides, which get linked together during translation?
Amino Acid
What is a polymer of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds?
Polypeptide
What type of RNA is the translator between the nucleic acid language and the polypeptide language by base pairing to codons of mRNA while also carrying an amino acid?
tRNA
What three-nucleotide sequence of a tRNA base pairs to an mRNA?
Anticodon
What cell structure is composed of RNA and protein, and has 2 subunits that were built in the nucleolus, but works in the cytoplasm to synthesize polypeptides/proteins?
Ribosome
What type of RNA makes up the structure of the ribosome?
rRNA
What is the bigger half of a ribosome?
Large Ribosomal Subunit
What is the smaller half of a ribosome?
Small Ribosomal Subunit
At what site does a tRNA with one amino acid enter a ribosome?
Ribosome A site
At what site does the ribosome hold the growing polypeptide?
Ribosome P site
What are the 3 steps of translation?
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
What are the 3 steps of translation elongation?
Codon recognition, Peptide bond formation, and Translocation
What is the first step of translation elongation?
Codon Recognition
What is the second step of translation elongation?
Peptide Bond Formation
What is the third step of translation elongation?
Translocation
What structures are involved in translation initiation?
mRNA-start codon(AUG) + tRNA-Met + Small Ribosomal Subunit + Large Ribosomal Subunit
What structures are involved in translation termination?
mRNA-stop codon + ribosome-A-site + release factor + free polypeptide
What is the consequence of having multiple codons that code for the same amino acid?
Redundant Genetic Code
What is the consequence of each codon only coding for a single amino acid?
Unambiguous Genetic Code
What is a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA?
Gene
