Gendered Violence

Question 1

James Gilligan: The Code of Shame says

Answer 1

Men engage in violent criminal behaviour to avoid shame

Question 2

Structural disadvantage influences male violent crime.Explain

Answer 2

In general, the most violent males are those who are the most disadvantaged and structural disadvantage is also associated with female violent crimes but has a greater impact on men.

Question 3

Heimer and De Coster (1999) says that gender gap in violent crime is the result of…

Answer 3

…structural positions and cultural processes, including social learning

Question 4

Role convergence theory (why women’s crime rates are rising)

Answer 4

As the work roles of women become similar to those of men, so will their involvement in crime.

Question 5

Adler (1975)

Answer 5

linked influence of women’s movement to increasing female criminality

Question 6

Simon (1975)

Answer 6

increased employment opportunities for women will increase crime opportunities (e.g., embezzlement from employers)

Question 7

Women’s Liberation Thesis states that female criminality more closely resembles men’s as gender differences are…

Answer 7

…diminished by women’s greater participation in the workforce.

Question 8

James Messerschmitt’s theory of gendered crime focused on how men live up to gender ideals of “behaving as men” therefore…

Answer 8

…hegemonic masculinity sensitizes us to the concept that a particular form of masculinity is culturally glorified.

Question 9

Regarding Hegemony and violence, Connell (2000) focuses on understanding…

Answer 9

…the relationship between domination, power, and crime

Question 10

Physical and psychological violence are cornerstones for masculinity and the prison system represents

Answer 10

the most masculine sphere. While it is a loss of power it also carries masculine images

Question 11

James Messerschmidt is concerned with the intersections of gender, class, and race in terms of

Answer 11

the social constructions and the relationship with crime.

(think of the different between a man on the street, a pimp, white corporate executives)

Question 12

Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life

Answer 12

United Nations definition of violence against women

Question 13

Types of intimate partner violence (7)

Answer 13

1. Physical abuse
2. Sexual abuse
3. Emotional or verbal abuse
4. Financial abuse
5. Spiritual abuse
6. Criminal
7. Harassment/stalking

Question 14

Peralta and Tuttle (2013)

Answer 14

investigated the impact of economic stress on intimate partner violence. They found that indicators such as……low annual income, low levels of employment, and low levels of formal education are associated with IPV

Question 15

Corbally (2015) looked at the ways men who experienced IPV from their female partners speak about their experiences. Three things were highlighted of the narratives the men spoke:

Answer 15

• exceptional fatherhood
• good husband
• abuse narrative (she’s just crazy)

women speak about IPV like its their fault versus men who don’t find fault.

Question 16

Men and women highlight different behaviours to define IPV in self reports. How?

Answer 16

Women minimize the abusive behaviours versus men who include aspects that women don’t. Self reports thus shows the gap of IPV has smaller than police reports.

Question 17

Research on IPV in same-sex relationship poses a challenge to hegemonic masculinity explanations. However, many men demonstrate similar difficulties when

Answer 17

speaking about their abuse in same-sex relationships. This highlights that the link between male privilege/violence is complex.