Gender and the Workplace

Question 1

The major ongoing trend is for increasing

Answer 1

women’s participation in the workplace

Question 2

Indigenous and immigrant women have worse…

Answer 2

…labour market outcomes (including employment and earnings)

Question 3

In 2021, 61.5% of all women ages 15+ in the workforce and…

Answer 3

…69.5% of all men ages 15+ were in the workforce. (so slightly more men and less women)

Question 4

What are the global trends that impacted the shift in gendered workforce participation? (4)

Answer 4

• Loss of low skill, well paying jobs that men often occupied
• Reduction in part-time work opportunities
• Increases in technological advances
• Globalization and transition from manufacturing-based economy to service-based economy

Question 5

The long-term trend has been an incline or decline in the gender wage gap in Canada?

Answer 5

decline

Question 6

what’s persistently been the gap between men and women’s wage gap?

Answer 6

10 cents (90 cents of women for every dollar a man makes)

Question 7

What are causes for the gendered wage gap? (3)

Answer 7

1. discrimination
2. sex segregation
3. women’s unequal responsibility for children bearing and child rearing

Question 8

some people argue that the wage gap is a myth. What is their argument?

Answer 8

the jobs that women and men have are by choice. Men have productivity-enhancing characteristics (assertiveness, more time dedicated to your job)

Question 9

Is the gendered wage experienced by all women equally?

Answer 9

no. you have to consider intersectionality. Indigenous and immigrant women have abigger wage gap.

Question 10

What are the reasons for increased women’s participation in Canada?

Answer 10

1. Changing gender roles overall
2. The women’s movement
3. Inventions of electric appliances
4. Introduction of birth control pill
5. Introduction of no-fault divorce
6. Expansion of educational and job opportunities
7. Shift from manufacturing positions

Question 11

Hochschild (1997) argues that from young, children develop a…

Answer 11

…gender strategy, a way to navigate the competing ideological demands of work and family life.

Question 12

What are gender ideologies linked to according to Davis and Greenstein?

Answer 12

Socialization, religion, context, education, labour force participation

Question 13

what three ideologies impact the gender ideology scales most according to Davis and Greenstein?

Answer 13

1. Primacy of breadwinner role
2. working women and relationship quality
3. wife/motherhood and feminine self

Question 14

the congregation or exclusion of one sex in an occupation

Answer 14

sex-typed occupations

Question 15

According to Statistics Canada, sex segregation has remained rather…

Answer 15

…resilient over the years with some slight movement with the biggest impact occurring in the 1980s

Question 16

what are two explanations of sex-typed occupations?

Answer 16

1. supply side - individual’s choice
2. demand side - employers standards

Question 17

According to Reskin (1993), what creates sex segregation? (4)

Answer 17

1. Gatekeepers may lead to discrimination
2. Employer preference
3. Sex role stereotyping
4. Occupational sex labels – segregation code

Question 18

Shifts in sex segregation happen because of two things:

Answer 18

1. demand for workers
2. economic pressures

usually requires an ideological shift

Question 19

Darya (2013) suggests that women have to…

Answer 19

…learn how to adopt a female professional mentality in order to pursue a career

Question 20

Women vs Men when considering career (Darya 2013)

Answer 20

• women: overcoming obstacles
• men: realization of opportunities

Question 21

What are some problems women face in the workplace? (3)

Answer 21

• have challenges with professional identity
• thinking about sacrifices more than men
• gender socialization often gives men a “professional mentality”, not so for women

Question 22

Sexual harassment stats in the workplace 2020 (men & women)

Answer 22

• 1 in 4 women
• 1 in 6 men

Question 23

For women, experiences of inappropriate sexualized behaviour were most common for those working in certain occupations where…

Answer 23

…men have historically outnumbered women (47% in trades, transportation, etc) while men are more likely to be harassed in women-dominated professions.

Question 24

What are five forms of violence and harassment experienced by women in politics:

Answer 24

1. physical: injury + harm
2. sexual: unwelcome advances
3. psychological: hostile behaviour
4. economic: access to economic resources
5. symbolic: attempts to deny women’s competence as political actors through sexualized images, language, questions, etc.

Question 25

Wallen, Mor and Devine (2014) investigated male nurses’ job satisfaction

Answer 25

key aspect of job satisfaction is “identity integration”

They speak about their role as “lifesaving” while women speak about it as “care.” The male narrative fits with hegemonic masculinity and talk about the importance and get recognized accreditation and advance educationally.

Question 26

concentrates women and men in different categories within different fields

Answer 26

Vertical segregation

Question 27

concentrates men and women in roughly similar categories within different fields

Answer 27

Horizontal segregation