Gender and the Workplace Flashcards
The major ongoing trend is for increasing
women’s participation in the workplace
Indigenous and immigrant women have worse…
…labour market outcomes (including employment and earnings)
In 2021, 61.5% of all women ages 15+ in the workforce and…
…69.5% of all men ages 15+ were in the workforce. (so slightly more men and less women)
What are the global trends that impacted the shift in gendered workforce participation? (4)
- Loss of low skill, well paying jobs that men often occupied
- Reduction in part-time work opportunities
- Increases in technological advances
- Globalization and transition from manufacturing-based economy to service-based economy
The long-term trend has been an incline or decline in the gender wage gap in Canada?
decline
what’s persistently been the gap between men and women’s wage gap?
10 cents (90 cents of women for every dollar a man makes)
What are causes for the gendered wage gap? (3)
- discrimination
- sex segregation
- women’s unequal responsibility for children bearing and child rearing
some people argue that the wage gap is a myth. What is their argument?
the jobs that women and men have are by choice. Men have productivity-enhancing characteristics (assertiveness, more time dedicated to your job)
Is the gendered wage experienced by all women equally?
no. you have to consider intersectionality. Indigenous and immigrant women have abigger wage gap.
What are the reasons for increased women’s participation in Canada?
- Changing gender roles overall
- The women’s movement
- Inventions of electric appliances
- Introduction of birth control pill
- Introduction of no-fault divorce
- Expansion of educational and job opportunities
- Shift from manufacturing positions
Hochschild (1997) argues that from young, children develop a…
…gender strategy, a way to navigate the competing ideological demands of work and family life.
What are gender ideologies linked to according to Davis and Greenstein?
Socialization, religion, context, education, labour force participation
what three ideologies impact the gender ideology scales most according to Davis and Greenstein?
- Primacy of breadwinner role
- working women and relationship quality
- wife/motherhood and feminine self
the congregation or exclusion of one sex in an occupation
sex-typed occupations
According to Statistics Canada, sex segregation has remained rather…
…resilient over the years with some slight movement with the biggest impact occurring in the 1980s
what are two explanations of sex-typed occupations?
- supply side - individual’s choice
- demand side - employers standards
According to Reskin (1993), what creates sex segregation? (4)
- Gatekeepers may lead to discrimination
- Employer preference
- Sex role stereotyping
- Occupational sex labels – segregation code
Shifts in sex segregation happen because of two things:
- demand for workers
- economic pressures
usually requires an ideological shift
Darya (2013) suggests that women have to…
…learn how to adopt a female professional mentality in order to pursue a career
Women vs Men when considering career (Darya 2013)
- women: overcoming obstacles
- men: realization of opportunities
What are some problems women face in the workplace? (3)
- have challenges with professional identity
- thinking about sacrifices more than men
- gender socialization often gives men a “professional mentality”, not so for women
Sexual harassment stats in the workplace 2020 (men & women)
- 1 in 4 women
- 1 in 6 men
For women, experiences of inappropriate sexualized behaviour were most common for those working in certain occupations where…
…men have historically outnumbered women (47% in trades, transportation, etc) while men are more likely to be harassed in women-dominated professions.
What are five forms of violence and harassment experienced by women in politics:
- physical: injury + harm
- sexual: unwelcome advances
- psychological: hostile behaviour
- economic: access to economic resources
- symbolic: attempts to deny women’s competence as political actors through sexualized images, language, questions, etc.
Wallen, Mor and Devine (2014) investigated male nurses’ job satisfaction
key aspect of job satisfaction is “identity integration”
They speak about their role as “lifesaving” while women speak about it as “care.” The male narrative fits with hegemonic masculinity and talk about the importance and get recognized accreditation and advance educationally.
concentrates women and men in different categories within different fields
Vertical segregation
concentrates men and women in roughly similar categories within different fields
Horizontal segregation
