gender & sexuality

Question 1

3 layers of sexuality

Answer 1

1. sexual identity (what you identify as)
2. sexual behaviour (who you do actions with, ie. kiss/hug)
3. sexual attraction (who you fantasize about)

Question 2

kinsey scale

Answer 2

0-6 scale that measures heterosexual-homosexual levels based on class, masculinity, age, personal beliefs (most ppl in middle)

Question 3

homophobia

Answer 3

set of negative attitudes/beliefs about 2SLGBTQI+ people that can lead to discrimination

Question 4

heteronormativity

Answer 4

coined by Michael Warner (1991), refers to how social institutions, practices, and norms support the automatic assumption that people should be heterosexual

Question 5

gender

Answer 5

what you present yourself as

Question 6

cisgender

Answer 6

a person whose gender identity corresponds with their sex assigned at birth

Question 7

transgender

Answer 7

a person whose gender identity is opposite of their sex assigned at birth

Question 8

gender non-binary

Answer 8

someone who does not exclusively identify as man or woman

Question 9

two-spirit

Answer 9

a person with both feminine and masculine spirits (used by some indigenous people to describe their sexuality)

Question 10

intersex

Answer 10

a person who is biologically born with both male and female traits

Question 11

systemic erasure of intersex ppl through…

Answer 11

1. Irreversible and nonconsensual surgery
2. Prenatal screening
3. No legal protections for intersex ppl

Question 12

essentialist perspective on gender

Answer 12

genetic or biologically determined sex determines your essence as a human (usually associated with nature)

Question 13

constructionist perspective on gender

Answer 13

socially determined meaning of gender differs across time and place (usually associated with “nurture”)

Question 14

performativity

Answer 14

describes repeated rituals that create and sustain gender through performance (judith butler)

Question 15

messner’s costs of masculinity

Answer 15

• there are many social costs to displaying gender in ways that society
  deems inappropriate
• although often concentrate on the costs of femininity, there are also very restrictive ideas of what it means to be a man

Question 16

gender inequality in sports

Answer 16

sport is “not an expression of some biological human need, it is social institution” (messner, 1992)

ie. men run faster than women, but now gap closed

Question 17

gender inequality & climate change

Answer 17

1. women bear a disproportionate responsibility for securing food, water, fuel (UN women, 2022)
2. people living in poverty are more affected by climate change, and the majority of the world’s poor are women
3. gender barriers to decision making

Question 18

gender inequality & disasters

Answer 18

During disasters:
- women are less likely to survive & more likely to be injured b/c of longstanding gender inequalities
After disasters:
- women/girls less able to access relief/assistance
- more likely to face gender based violence

Question 19

gender wage gap

Answer 19

women $0.87 for men $1 (gap larger for BIPOC women), exists even for women who are highly educated, legally protected)

Question 20

horizontal occupational segregation

Answer 20

men/women tend to work in different industries/sectors with those that are male dominated having higher wages (most influential identifiable factor)

Question 21

feminization of an occupational sphere

Answer 21

occurs when particular job, profession, industry becomes dominate by/predominantly associated with women

Question 22

second shift (hochschild, 1990)

Answer 22

individuals working outside the home for money, and inside the home on unpaid domestic tasks, gendered in heterosexual relationships

Question 23

transgender wage gap

Answer 23

• 30% of trans ppl fired from job, denied promotion, mistreated at work
• transwomen see earnings drop by up to ⅓ upon transitioning (Nath,2018)
• some transmen reported being treated w. More respect/status
• overall likely to live in poverty and experience unemployment

Question 24

lifetime inequalities shaped by wage gap

Answer 24

• women able to contribute less to pension funds & retirement savings plans
• divorce and widowhood have greater negative impact on long-term after-tax family income for women than men

Question 25

incumbency

Answer 25

a reason why women are less likely to run for a role in political office

Question 26

3 key ideas from “invention of heterosexuality” (Katz)

Answer 26

1. sexual identities/labels are relatively recent invention
2. sexuality is social constructed in relation to other forces in society (economic, political, medical, legal)
3. heterosexuality should not be “invisible” in the study of sexuality

Question 27

critical heterosexuality studies

Answer 27

moves from studying sexual “deviance” to processes that “naturalize” what counts as “normal” society

Question 28

findings about perceived intelligence of girls/boys in middle school (Michela Musto)

Answer 28

1. the way educators respond to boys rule breaking produced gender differences in perceptions of intelligence
2. race intersects with gender in shaping perceptions of intelligence

ppl think boys smarter but girls are actually

Question 29

feminism

Answer 29

movements/ideology that seek to provide equal rights for women

Question 30

intersectionality

Answer 30

study of how various dimensions of inequality can combine (Crenshaw)

Question 31

findings about the way mothers perpetuate heteronormativity (Karin Martin)

Answer 31

majority of mothers assumed children was heterosexual and interpreted behaviours in ways that reinforced these ideas