Gender, Sex, & Sexuality Flashcards
Key Terms
Sex:Classifies humans based on reproductive capacities (female and male).
Gender:Cultural expectations for behavior, attitudes, and appearance based on sex.
Sex/Gender System:Concept by Gayle Rubin; cultural processes transforming sex into gender.
Cisgender:Gender identity aligns with sex assigned at birth.
Transgender:Gender identity does not align with sex assigned at birth.
The Social Construction of Gender Norms
Gender norms are culturally and historically variable.
Biological determinism vs. social constructionism.
Social constructionism explains variations in gender norms across cultures and time.
Example: 19th-century beliefs about women’s physical capabilities vs. today.
Psychological Impact of Gender Norms in Sport
Gender norms and their impact on self-esteem and identity in athletes.
Mental health challenges faced by athletes who defy gender norms.
Role of sports psychologists in supporting gender-diverse athletes.
Strategies to create a supportive environment for all athletes.
How does social constructionism differ from biological determinism in explaining gender norms?
Can you provide an example of how gender norms have changed over time in sports?
(ON EXAM)
How biologically explain gender norms in sports, men more agressive stronger, women more graceful.
women play sports such as; dancing, figure skating,
Men play sports such as: football, boxing
Women used to be the watcher, or even said that it was bad for them.
Intersectionality
Different experiences of gender inequality based on race, class, and other factors.
Intersectional analysis in sport helps highlight diverse experiences and challenges.
Example: Differences in media coverage and recognition for female athletes of different racial backgrounds
Is Sport Really a Male Thing?
Historical view: Sport as a male domain.
Early sports institutions designed for men, excluding women.
Sport as a tool to develop hegemonic masculinity.
Hegemonic masculinity: Idealized form of masculinity that marginalizes other gender expressions
used sport to improve strength, leadership, determination for the war.
Media representation of Female Athletes in Sport
Media representation of female athletes is limited and often biased.
Coverage of women’s sports is significantly lower than men’s.
Female athletes are often sexualized or trivialized in media
(simone biles)husband wife won the gold medal.
Sex & Gender Differences in Sport
Sport often reinforces sex and gender differences.
Sex segregation in sports: Separate events and different rules for men and women.
Sport typing: Certain sports considered more appropriate for one sex.
Examples: Hockey rules, cross-country skiing distances.
Sex Testing in Sport
Sex testing in major competitions targets female athletes.
No exact standard to determine sex; criteria are problematic.
Historical and recent examples of sex testing controversies.
Impact on athletes: Stigmatization and discrimination.
Transgender Athletes in Sex-Segregated Sport
Inclusion of transgender athletes in sports.
Historical policies and recent updates (e.g., IOC’s Stockholm Consensus).
Challenges faced by transgender athletes: Medical scrutiny, privacy concerns.
Advocacy for inclusive policies and practices.
IOC 2015 - those transitioning to women must be on hormones for at least 12 months
Provide an example of sport typing and its impact on gender perceptions.
Sport typing: Certain sports considered more appropriate for one sex.
Examples: Hockey rules (body checking), cross-country skiing distances (shorter for women), dancing(more catered to towards women), size of basketball
Impact on gender percepetions it shows that women are weaker,
Lia Thomas: Male to female controversies
Equality, followed the rules to race in the women’s division
not enough people to create a separate league, lack of funding
Biological advantage
Homophobia
Gay: less accepted, violent, small remarks, more femiene
Lesbian: more accepted, presented more masculine
Role of male in women sport
watching, being an ally, advocating, education
