gender: Patterns and trends Flashcards
Women in the labour market:
- Over the last 40 years, the number of women in work has increased because of changes in rights and attitudes.
- The gender pay gap is still 14.3% which means there is still inequality in the workplace for women.
- There is also a significant difference in the amount of male CEO’s compared to female CEO’s
Patriarchy:
Social systems which allow men to hold the power which leads to female exclusion
Gender roles:
The stereotypical roles and norms that males and females are expected to express
Sue sharpe:
- Changing attitudes of women about education and employment from the 70’s to 90’s.
- Supports that there has been an change in attitudes leading to a change in the amount of women working
gender pay gap in 2024
14.3%
Male:female ration of CEO jobs
17:1
Income and wealth of women
- Large difference in the pay that women get and the wealth that they hold.
- More women are paid below the minimum wage in comparison to men (10.4%)
- Women also account for 70% of the people in national minimum wage jobs
- Women compromise for more than 50% of the worlds population but only 1% of the world’s wealth.
Who is more likely to experience social mobility
Women
Chant:
- Women experience ‘time poverty;
- Due to the multiple areas of life that women must engage in
- These are unpaid areas such as childcare and houswork
Womens budget group:
- Mother would often go without food, clothing and warmth to protect their children from the impact of being a. low income household
How many women in the world live in poverty:
10%
Li and divine:
- Women have less upward mobility than men
- they are actually downwardly mobile.
- Found Black African women have experienced a 15-20% fall in full-time employment.
Savage:
- Studied social mobility in the 2000’s. Found men were 40% more likely to climb the career ladder than women.
Li and Devine:
- Used a range of sources to study trends in social mobility
Found:
- Women have less upward mobility than – they are actually downwardly mobile
- Found Black African women have experienced a 15-20% fall in full-time employment.
- Employer discrimination has been a big barrier to those wearing a hijab
Mac an Ghail
- ‘Crisis in masculinity’
- This has occurred due to social and economic changes including de-industrialisation and feminisation of the labour market.
- Young men now don’t have a clear identity or path in life due to the growing equality of women and the lack of traditional male jobs.
- This results in men showing their masculinity through anti-social and criminal activity.
- This concept has been used to explain educational underachievement among working class boys.
Education:
- Girls gain more A*-C grades than boys
- Boys are 4 times more likely to be excluded from school.
- White-working class boys are the most underachieving group in education due to their anti-school subculture.
- Boys are twice as likely to have SEND needs than girls.
Health:
- Females are likely to live 4 years longer than men
- ONS found that suicide rates in males were a lot higher than women
- Men are also more likely to have an alcohol problem than women are. 80% of those who are dependent on alcohol are male.
Benatar
Jobs which are the least desirable, least pay and most dangerous are mainly occupied by men
Work and income
- 95% of the 200 people that have been killed in the workplace are men.
- Men work an average of 39 hours a week compared to the 34 hours a week that women work
Warin:
- Study of 95 families in Rochdale
- Majority of fathers, mothers and teenage children believe that men should be the main earners of income in the family
- Fathers felt under pressure to earn the money for the family
- This pressure was intensified by teenage children’s demands for consumer goods.
- Men who were disadvantaged (low income, sick, disabled) felt sad that they were unable to supply their family’s needs
- Fathers contributions are unrecognised even though modern day dads are trying to juggle the role of being the income provider and giving emotional support
equal opportunities commission
- Fathers are more likely to be employed than men without children who are dependent
- Men’s earning are a higher proportion of income than women which means that they spend less time with their children
- Fathers are discouraged by norms in the workplace to take time off to give support to the family
Evaluation of male inequalities:
Feminists – Male inequalities are minor compared to women’s inequalities they face
Walker = Sexism against men doesn’t exist in the same way that females experience it because of the system that is unbalanced in favour towards men.
Evidence shows that the labour market favours men which is why gender inequalities are maintained. Still a lot more men are employed in full-time employed compared to women who occupy the part-time contracts due to other commitments that men don’t face
Gender pay gap is still very much there meaning that in every profession men earn more than women on average
Benatar:
- Looked at the disadvantages that men face frequently
- Many boys drop out of secondary school which means that fewer of them earn a degree.
- There are also more men who are incarcerated which means the custody of their children is given to women even if the father was originally the primary care giver
Farrell:
- the glass cellar
- just as the glass ceiling describes invisible barriers that keep women out of jobs
- the ‘cellar’ describes the invisible barrier that keep men in jobs with the most hazards
- e.g. welder, roofers, sewer maintenance
