gender - chromosomes

Question 1

how many chromosomes are there in a human being

Answer 1

46 in human body arranged into 23 pairs
the 23rd pair determines the biological sex.

Question 1

what are chromosomes made of

Answer 1

made from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
genes r short sections of DNA that determine the characteristics of a living thing.

Question 2

what’s the chromosome structure for a female

Answer 2

XX

Question 3

chromosome structure of male

Answer 3

XY

Question 4

what chromosomes do egg cells carry

Answer 4

all normal egg cells produced by a human ovary have an X chromosome.

Question 5

what chromosomes do sperm cells carry

Answer 5

half X
half Y
the babies sex is determined by the chromosome carried by the sperm.

Question 6

what does SRY mean

Answer 6

the Y chromosme carries gene called sex-determinig region Y = SRY

Question 7

what does SRY cause to develop

Answer 7

testes in a XY embryo.
these produce Androgens: male sex hormones.

Question 8

what do androgens cause

Answer 8

cause the embryo to become a male.
without them the embryo develops into female.

Question 9

all of above is the role of chromosomes

Question 10

what’s the role of hormones in the womb

Answer 10

prenatally in the womb, hormones act upon the brain and development n cause development of the reproductive organs.

Question 11

whats the role of hormones during puberty

Answer 11

during adolescence a burst of hormonal activity triggers the development of secondary sexual characteristics like pubic hair.
males n females have the same hormones but in different concentration.

Question 12

what do men develop more than women that’s importance
(role of hormones)

Answer 12

primary importance male development is number of hormones androgens = testosterone

Question 13

what does testorone control in men

Answer 13

Testerone controls the development of male sex organs

Question 14

when is testorone produced in men

Answer 14

develops at around 8 weeks of foetal development

Question 15

what research is there into testorone what did they focus on

Answer 15

most research on behavioural effects mostly linked to aggression.
human n animal studies have proved this.
VAN DE POLL et al 1988
showed that female rats who had been injected with testosterone became more physically and sexually aggressive.

Question 16

what is Oestrogen?

Answer 16

is female hormone that determines female sexual characteristics and menstruation.

Question 17

what does Oestrogen cause (PMT PMS)

Answer 17

causes women to experience heightened emotionally and irritability during their menstrual cycle.
this is referred to as pre-menstrual tension (PMT) or pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS)

Question 18

is PMS and PMT has become a diagnosable disorder what has it been used for

Answer 18

PMS has been used as a defence in cases of shoplifting and even murder

Question 19

what is Oxytocin who produces it more men or women?

Answer 19

women typically produce Oxytocin in much larger amounts than men, particularly as a result of giving birth.

Question 20

what does Oxytocin do

Answer 20

stimulates lactation making it possible for mothers to breastfeed. also reduces stress hormone Cortisol and facilitates bonding - been referred to as ‘love hormone’
produces cases amounts during labour n birth to make mothers feel ‘in love’.

Question 21

if men produce less oxytocin what does this fuel

Answer 21

fulled the popular stereotype that men r less interested in intimacy and closeness within a relationship.

Question 22

whats a counterpoint to the stereotype around men and oxytocin

Answer 22

evidence has suggested that both sexes produce roughly equal amounts during activities like kissing n sex.

Question 23

evaluation points for the role of chromosomes and hormones

Answer 23

evidence supports the role of chromosomes and hormones
contradictory evidence
objections to pre-menstrual syndrome
overemphasis on nature

Question 24

determining influence of chromosomes on gender identity - explain what happened to David Reiner supports this

Answer 24

-two twin boys Bruce and Brian Reiner
-born canada 1965
-botched circumsition at 6 months - Bruce left w/out a penis.
-parents made aware of JOHN MONEY up-and-coming psychologist developing his theory of gender neutrality.
- biological sex is less important is less important than environmental influence in establishing gender identity.
-Bruce was raised as a stereotypical female (girls clothes, dolls)
-Bruce progress was monitored by Money
-He advised to never tell Bruce the truth of his gender re-assignment.
- Bruce (Brenda) now in teens money talked abt the success of this case.
-reality different - Brenda never adjusted, suffered sever psychological and emotional problems.
-when her parents told her the truth abt her gender Brenda immediately switched back (David).
-David committed suicide in 2004.

Question 25

what did James Dabbs et al find

Answer 25

found in prison population that offenders with the highest levels of testosterone were more likely to have committed violent or sexually motivated crimes.

Question 26

what was Van Goozen et al 1995 study

Answer 26

studied transgender ppl who were undergoing hormone treatment - being injected w hormones of opposite sex.
transgender women showed decreases in aggression and visuo-spatial skills.
transgender men showed opposite.
this research suggests that sex hormones do exert some influence on gender-related behaviours.

Question 27

list all the evidence support for the role of chromosomes and hormones

Answer 27

• case of David Reimer
  -Dabbs et al - prison
  -Van Goozen et al - trans

Question 28

what was the double blind study, how is it contradictory evidence

Answer 28

double-blind study - Tricker et al 1996
43 males were given either a weekly injection of testorsone or a placebo.
no significant different in aggression were found after 10 week period between 2 groups.

Question 29

contradictory evidence - whats the problem w previous research.

Answer 29

Van Goozen small sample and unusual ppl
limits generalisations that can be made.

Question 30

what objections were made to pre-menstrual syndrome

Answer 30

questioned the effects of Oestrogen levels on women’s mood and object to medical category of pre-menstrual syndrome.
bc it stereotypes female experiences n emotions.
feminists critics (Rodin) that PMS is a social construction - not a biological fact but a way of privileging certain groups over others (men over women).
feminists have pointed to medicalisation of women’s lives n dismissal of women’s emotions, esp anger, by explaining them in biological terms.