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DCT > Gender And Theology > Flashcards

Gender And Theology Flashcards

1
Q

Liberation theology

A

The movement in christianity that focuses first and foremost on problems of poverty and injustice

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2
Q

Praxis

A

The process through which reflection on theory leads to action

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3
Q

Transvaluation

A

A change of values (often radical)

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4
Q

Phyllis Trible

A

‘To reclaim the image of God as female is to become aware of the male idolatry that has long infested faith’
- the bible needs to be challenged by feminism

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5
Q

Phyllis trible - examples of feminist approaches

A
  • textual evidence for the inferiority and abuse of women
  • accent on the female texts. Female imagery underlying the patriarchal narratives (emphasis the significant of women)
  • re-telling of ‘biblical stories of terror in memoriam’ - using a range of techniques to re-interpret and find relevance for today
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6
Q

churches approach to sexism and patriarchy

A
  • methodists tradition - include women in leadership

- catholicism - priesthood is limited to celibate males

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7
Q

Who is rosemary radford ruether

A

a reformist Catholic feminist theologian

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8
Q

Reuther’s view

A
  • feminism should not make excuses for patriarchy
  • ‘it is to be denounced, not cleaned up or explained away’
  • her aim is to change christianity from within
  • you need to reinterpret biblical texts to accentuate the feminine
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9
Q

The male warrior-messiah expectation

A
  • the messiah was to liberate them and bring about a time of peace
  • this would come about by war
  • the messiah would fight to destroy God’s enemies
  • the messiah must be male
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10
Q

Ruether’s view on the warrior messiah

A
  • draws on Jesus fighting in a different way
  • you need to focus on the virtues of Jesus
  • main point that in order to be messiah Jesus did not need to be male
  • this means that catholic church priests did not need to be male
  • this makes it easier fro women to feel connected with Jesus
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11
Q

Catholic church view on priests

A

The priests take on the role of christ spiritually and so must be of the same gender as christ

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12
Q

God and wisdom

A
  • his wisdom is described in human form and in a feminine way
  • wisdom is linked with the divine source of knowledge and the source of life
  • the wisdom of Solomon (Catholic old testament) talks of wisdom as feminine
  • the theology of wisdom was also used to describe Jesus
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13
Q

Ruether on God and wisdom

A
  • the maleness of God is not fundamental to who God is
  • there are both male and female aspects to God
  • Jesus as God-made-human was as much as incarnation of the feminine wisdom principle
  • Jesus was biologically male but essentially not just male
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14
Q

Feminists thought can inspire change in christianity

A
  • Jesus maleness is not essential to his nature leading to God being not essentially male
  • faith becomes more accessible to women
  • priests do not need to be male so there can be greater female leadership in the church
  • counter-cultural nature of Jesus spending time will women showing a non-patriarchal opportunity within christianity
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15
Q

Feminist thought cannot inspire change in Christianity

A
  • what is found on a theological level is not important to believers who are not theologically trained
  • Jesus maleness becomes an obstacle in faith
  • there is decline in faith even when women are able to lead
  • there is too much historical patriarchy to overcome so Christianity should be abandoned
  • we can’t rewrite the whole bible - maybe better to change society as a whole
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16
Q

Daly’s view

A
  • wants to draw attention to the marginalisation of women
  • there is too much inherent sexism and patriarchy for there to be any reform
  • she saw the church as abusing women
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17
Q

Daly’s view on re-claiming archaic language

A
  • wants to change language to rid it of the patriarchy and the way words have become derogatory
  • spinsters - changing the word to make women realise that they can ‘spin society’ to transform it and to free it from the christian patriarchy
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18
Q

Daly on God’s maleness

A

‘if God is male then the male is God’

  • the understanding of God as male came out of an image drawn up by men in order to favour men
  • she rejected the idea feminists starting to think of God in female terms, all you are going is portraying the same God in different words
  • christianity needs to be reevaluated and transformed using a new starting point
19
Q

Dalys influence

A
  • Nietzsche who in declaring that God is dead, saw hope for a new way of thinking to emerge
20
Q

Dalys view on women

A
  • only women can fully access the creative side of human nature so only women can move on from the false ideas in society
  • God should be replaced with a ‘be-ing’ - the essence of the spiritual
21
Q

Spirituality experienced through nature

A
  • Daly advocated for a rediscovery of the ancient pagan nature religions
  • women must take control of society and men must learn to listen to women
  • by focusing on the be-ing people can continue on with the discovery of all that nature gives with no fixed goals
22
Q

Christianity should be abandoned

A
  • patriarchy is too deeply rooted for there to be reform
  • the divine is greater than organised religion and people should seek other ways to express spirituality
  • Daly’s focus on nature demonstrates the essential aspect of the world better than an objective deity
  • daly’s use of language engages a shift in consciousness
  • we need to realise a significant change needs to be made
23
Q

Christianity should not be abandoned

A
  • daly’s approach runs the risk of becoming as dangerous as the patriarchy - she only considers it from people like her
  • daly’s teachings could be based on a hatred of men
  • ‘he’ pronouns used to describe God are simply linguistic and not a true description of God
  • daly is as bad as the patriarchy - she has moved from having men at the centre to women - there is no balance which is what is needed
24
Q

Ruether - Goddess theology

A
  • polytheistic religions are less sexist than monotheistic
  • in Judaism - God suffering for the people like a mother , here the goddess is the source of life
  • if early judaism does not have strict monotheism then this has been passed over into christianity and the understanding of the trinity with Jesus as the feminine aspect of God
25
Q

Daly - Christianity’s ‘unholy trinity’

A
  • christinaity’s sexism is traced to the fact that the christian God encourages patriarchal thought
  • christianity exists to destroy women and encourage men
  • Mary is a victim of rape - ‘total victim of rape’
26
Q

The unholy trinity

A

1) rape
2) genocide
3) war

27
Q

The unholy trinity - rape

A
  • portraying women as entirely passive, they are raped both literally and metaphorically
  • men commit ‘armchair rape’ when they enjoy porn
  • rape is seen as ‘normal’ in the bible
28
Q

The unholy trinity - genocide

A
  • the idea that one group can have power over and destroy another group is part of societies conditioning
  • rape leads to genocide because to make people feel power over the object
  • it is seen in the catholic church banning abortion
29
Q

The unholy trinity - war

A
  • war comes from male - dominated approaches to life and decision making
  • war is a male, violent act and comes from a phallic mentality
  • war in the bible normalises his an in the modern day world the church accepts war
  • but it does condemn abortion
30
Q

Christianity is essentially sexist

A
  • the male hierarchy is fundamental to Christianity and so is the sexism
  • sexism is seen in male priests and the language of texts
  • sexism comes from 2,000 years of tradition
  • the unholy trinity shows how engrained sexism is in christianity and so should be abandoned as we should start again
31
Q

Christianity is not sexist

A
  • at the root of faith is a goddess and wisdom tradition that shows that the male hierarchy is imposed by humans later on
  • biblical texts are products of society that they come from - christians do not need to be sexist as there society is becoming less sexist
  • Jesus was not sexist as he he interacted with women (not what was done in his society)
32
Q

Spirituality in christianity

A
  • the ability to be holy
  • the ability to have a relationship with God through Jesus and the holy spirit
  • the ability to live a life of prayer
33
Q

A male saviour can save women

A
  • Jesus gender is not essential to his nature as God-incarnate so it doesn’t matter what gender he was
  • there are feminine aspects to Jesus which makes salvation open to both genders
  • Jesus showed how he brought salvation to all who desired it there was no relevance to gender
  • accepting women’s ministry brings equality to all levels between men and women
34
Q

A male saviour cannot save women

A
  • daly - Jesus on the cross is a symbol of the male enjoyment of pain over women because his death only served to save men
  • Jesus being the perfect ideal of a person indicates that perfect people are men so women cannot achieve salvation
  • daly - women should stand against the church and everything that it stands for
  • first stage of being saved is prayer with God through Jesus, women may struggle to have this relationship with a man
35
Q

Only women can develop a genuine spirituality

A
  • only women can fully access the creative aspect of human nature which is the way to the be-ing
  • as spinsters women can spin a new narrative in world
  • women tend to make deeper and more meaningful relationships so it is more likely that women develop genuine spirituality
36
Q

Both men and women can develop a genuine spirituality

A
  • there is a rich tradition of female mystical writers in Christianity who have achieved as much as male mystical writers
  • if women and men see the world differently it is possible to say that their route to spirituality is different but that does not make one inferior to the other
  • catholic church says both men and women have ‘perfections’ that reflect ‘something of the infinite perfection of God’ - thus both can access a spiritual unity with God
37
Q

The christian God can be presented in female terms

A
  • ruether - the christian God can be presented in female terms so as to put behind us the historical patriarchy
  • the Jewish God had female aspects such as wisdom - it is normal to think of God both in female and male terms
  • the language already exists to talk about God with female terms it just needs to be rediscovered
  • the more we understand the nature of Jesus, not as a warrior messiah but as a liberator that we can see the female
38
Q

The christian God cannot be presented in female

A
  • priests must be male in the catholic church so Christ’s maleness is is essential (you can’t change the terms)
  • the christian God is a male object - if you use female terms you are re-defining female words to fit masculine characteristics
  • too many traditions or the christian God as male
  • there is too much patriarchy
  • everything about God is gendered
  • God cannot be presented in male or female terms because God is beyond gender
39
Q

Weaknesses of ruether

A
  • makes Jesus appear too revolutionary
  • she is very selective about which biblical texts and movements
  • including goddess language and other religions could undermine the unity of God
  • Ruether disregards the natural order of creation and that men are women are created equal but different
40
Q

Strengths of ruether

A
  • her theology is inclusive
  • it es expressed in Jesus teachings and actions
  • it underlies all expressions of nature and society
41
Q

Strengths of Daly

A
  • gives radical insight into the flaws of human relationship and society
  • she has re-envisioned the Christian view of humanity
42
Q

Weaknesses of Daly

A
  • she was become too exclusive
  • it alienates both men and other women
  • it is dismissive of other spiritual movements
43
Q

Scholars on daly

A
  • Chan argues that the OT view of the qualities of God are not exclusively male and they are include a creative element
  • fiorenza argues that biblical texts challenge social, patriarchal norms

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