Gender

Question 1

EXTERNAL
Francis

Answer 1

2001
• interviewed girls on their career aspirations
• due to hight employment opportunities
• extremely ambitious
• aim for “high professions”

Question 2

EXTERNAL
Key point

Answer 2

• women perceived different in contemporary society
• ambitions of women bigger and more adventurous

Question 3

EXTERNAL
Sharpe

Answer 3

Just like a girl- girls priorities
1976- love, marriage, children, career
1994- career, independence, then maybe relationship

Question 4

EXTERNAL
McRobbie

Answer 4

Magazines
1970s- emphasise importance of marriage
NOW- priorities changed and women faces with more positive role models
within the media

Question 5

EXTERNAL
Lobann

Answer 5

Story books
F- dependant, passive, quiet, sensible
M- active, adventurous, independent, boisterous

Question 6

EXTERNAL
Mitsos & Browne

Answer 6

Growing service sector
Created ‘feminised’ career opportunities
Healthcare, teaching, hospitality, childcare professions

Question 7

EXTERNAL
Webb et al

Answer 7

• women in employment
  1959- 47%
  2001- 70%
  Pay gap since 1975
  30% - 17%
  More women are breaking through the “glass ceiling effect”

Question 8

Key policies

Answer 8

1975 sex discrimination act

1969 abortion reform act

1970 divorce reform act

1979 equal pay act

Question 9

INTERNAL- Mitsos & Browne

Answer 9

Girls more suited to coursework

Question 10

INTERNAL- selection and league tables

Answer 10

Schools favour girls because the achieve better
View boys as a liability

Question 11

Radical feminists- Elwood

Answer 11

Exams are more important than coursework - argument of coursework is flawed

Question 12

Criticism- labelling and stereotypes

Answer 12

Don’t always stick
(Too deterministic)

Question 13

INTERNAL- Lobann

Answer 13

Out of 179 stories used in primary schools, females were usually presented in traditional domestic roles

Question 14

INTERNAL- equal opportunities policies

Answer 14

WISE- women in science and engineering

GIST- girls in science and technology

The Education reform act 1988(national curriculum)- m and f study the same core subjects= more meritocratic compete in equal terms

Question 15

INTERNAL- Weiner

Answer 15

Teachers are challenging gender stereotypes more than ever e.g. sexist images have been removed from text books & there is more positive female imagery in resources.

Question 16

INTERNAL- positive role models

Answer 16

More & more women are taking up positions of high representative within
education system (head teacher roles)

Primary Schooling is a ‘Feminised’ system which instil notions of ‘Gender Domain’ within young pupils from a very early age

Female pupils have more positive role models within the education system and externally

Question 17

INTERNAL- Gorard (2005)

Answer 17

The ‘Gender Gap’ in success rates increased dramatically in the academic year 1988/9. This coincides with the introduction of GCSEs which brought with it more coursework based assessments.

The ‘Gender Gap’ is a
‘Product of the Changed
System of Assessment

Question 18

INTERNAL- Gcses and coursework
Mitosis & Browne (1998)

Answer 18

• Girls spend more time on their work.
• Girls develop better speaking & listening skills - particularly useful for oral exams.
• Girls take more care in presentation.
• Girls are more organised than boys.

Notes that girls mature quicker than boys

Question 19

INTERNAL- Spender

Answer 19

found that boys actually received more attention in the classroom than girls

Question 20

INTERNAL- Francis

Answer 20

(2001):
Found that this was because boys were more likely to be disciplined than girls and therefore the attention is not always productive

Question 21

INTERNAL- GRODDAL

Answer 21

(1994):
Boys are more likely to attract the teacher’s attention as they are more boisterous & disruptive.

Question 22

INTERNAL- Swann

Answer 22

(1998):
Boys dominate discussions
whereas girls are more likely to work quietly.

Question 23

INTERNAL links

Answer 23

Link to:
> Becker (1971), Circourel & Kitsuse (1963), Rist (1970):
Labelling Theory & the Halo
Effect
> Rosenthal &
Jacobson (1968):
The Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy

Question 24

Poor male literacy

Answer 24

• Gender gap is result of poor literacy
• Reading is feminised
• Boys are socialised to be active

Question 25

Decline is manufacturing

Answer 25

Masculine jobs moved abroad so low employment opportunities for male workers
Mitosis and browne- crisis of masculinity

Question 26

Feminisation of education - Sewell

Answer 26

Sewell (2006):
Argues that education has become ‘feminised’ & do not nurture masculine traits.

Question 27

Shortage of male primary school teachers

Answer 27

Lack of positive make role models:
> DfES (2007): 16% of P.School teachers are male.
> Yougov (2007) 39% Of 8-11 year-olds have no male teachers

Question 28

Overestimating own ability - Barber

Answer 28

Boys tend to over estimate their own ability, girls underestimate

Question 29

Stanworth

Answer 29

Boys more likely to blame lack of effort on teachers for their failure instead of lack of ability

Question 30

Licht & Dweck

Answer 30

Support. Girls are much less confident than boys

Question 31

Laddish subcultures- Epstein

Answer 31

Epstein (1998)

(WC) Boys are likely to be called ‘Sissie’ or ‘Swots’, as well as be subject to homophobic harassment if they are seen to be doing their work.

Masculinity is viewed negatively within education

Francis (2001) supports this view by pointing out that boys often get labelled as swots by their peers, this leads them to reject the culture & values of education system

Link to Willis
(1977) -
Learning to
Labour
values of the education system.

Question 32

Key policies

Answer 32

• The raising boys achievement project
• The national literacy strategy
• The reading champions scheme
• Playing for success
• Dads and Sons Campaign

Question 33

Connolly- the interactions effect

Answer 33

Link with intersectionality
•class, gender, ethnicity
Don’t group all boys together
MC, Indian boys overachieving

Question 34

Paetcher

Answer 34

Paetcher (1998)
›girls who choose sport = stigmatised
> peer pressure has high influence

Question 35

Elwood

Answer 35

Differences in socialisation- diff artitudes towards subject choices
Boys read info / giris read novels

Question 36

Carol Ross- boys don’t cry

Answer 36

›social isaticn reinforces gender domains - each gender feels more confidents in their domain - different subject choices

Question 37

Godard and spear

Answer 37

42% agreed a woman’s career is not as important as a man’s