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AQA A-level Sociology -Culture > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the definition of sex

A

Biological differences between males and females

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2
Q

what is the definition of gender

A

cultural expectations which go with how males and females are supposed to act = gender roles

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3
Q

how do feminists see gender

A

gender as shaped by patriarchy - to keep men in a dominant position

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4
Q

what is gender role socialisation

A

how individuals learn expectations regarding masculine and feminine identities

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5
Q

what is hegemony

A

a set of dominant ideass (ideology) which allow the powerful to rule with consent

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6
Q

what is a hegemonic identity

A

one that is so dominant it makes it difficult for individuals to assert alternate identities

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7
Q

what happens when someone doesnt follow the hegemonic identity

A

they may be seen as deviant or ridiculed by others

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8
Q

what is gender stereotypes

A

a generalised view of the typical or ideal characteristics of men and women - Hegemonic identities are often based on gender stereotypes

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9
Q

list some characteristics of hegemonic masculinity

A

agressive, football, short hair, bread winner, loud, labouring jobs, emotionless, ‘man up’

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10
Q

list some characteristics of hegemonic femininity

A

makeup, pretty, dependant, wine, heels, housewife, long hair, passive

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11
Q

how many different types of femininity are there

A

3

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12
Q

what are the three types of feminity

A

hegemonic femininity
assertive femininity
ladettes

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13
Q

what is hegemonic feminity

A

women being passive, focusing on appearance, subordinate to men and taking expressive roles

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14
Q

what is the evaluation of hegemonic feminity

A

stereotype is being replaced by strong independent successful women - contributing to income

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15
Q

what is assertive femininity

A

women empower themselves, using there sexuality to challenge the idea that women should be passive

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16
Q

what did Blackman find for assertive femininity

A

found lower middle class and working class Neew wave firls in secondary school challenged schools male culture

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17
Q

what are ladettes

A

girls take on laddish behaviour (traditional male behaviour) and rejecting education due to failure

18
Q

what did jackson find for ladettes

A

wc girls take on this behaviour and reject the education system due to fear of failure, becoming more violent

19
Q

how many types of masculinity are there and what are they

A

6
hegemonic masculinity
laddish masculinity
marginalised masculinity
subordinate masculinity
complicit masculinity
metrosexuality

20
Q

what is hegemonic masculinity

A

male supremacy, heterosexuality, agression, repression of emotions
may involve sexist expectations about male and female roles

21
Q

what is laddish masculinity

A

Sexual promiscuity, drinking and footbal
Jackson: often adopted due to the fear of academic failure and wanting to fit in

22
Q

what is marginalised masculinity

A

applies to men who no longer have masculine jobs due to changes in the economy and therefore feel confused and a sense of loss towards their ideentity
crisis of masculinity - Mac and Ghaill

23
Q

whatb is subordinate masculinity

A

describes masculinity associated with gay men who are viewed as not conforming to the expectations of the dominant hegemonic c masculinity

24
Q

what is complicit masculinity

A

the new man: adopting a shared role within the family in terms of housework, being more emotional and caring. Men are not necessarily the main breadwinner anymore

25
Q

what is metrosexuality

A

Mort: hererosexual men who embrace their feminine side, use cosmetic products and take in fashion
male grooming market has grown by 800% since 1998

26
Q

what are the four point that show that changes within society have challenged traditional hegemonic ideas of masculinity and femininity- leading to new forms of gender identity

A

large scale male unemployment
changes in industry
globalissation and consumption
more women within the workplace

27
Q

how did the change in industry challenge hegemonic ideas of masculine and femininity

A

de-industrialisation has lead to a decline in manual jobs such as mining which are deemed jobs that suit masculine traits displacing them
public sector, retail sector and financial services where more women are employed have become more important
working women are postponing having children in favour of having a career

28
Q

how has large scale male unemployment challenge hegemonic ideas of masculine and femininity

A

Global recession: British economy declining cause large scale unemployment among men undermining that traditional male identity (breadwinner)
this leads to a crisis of masculinity (Mac An Ghaill) as men search for a new identity that fits the modern world

29
Q

how has more women in the work place challenged hegemonic ideas of masculine and femininity

A

more women in the work place means more role models for girls
led to a gender quake (Wilkinson) - radical change in feminine identity
Sharpe 1990s survey - girls priorities had drastically changed, careers and independence are now more important

30
Q

how has globalisation and consumption challenged hegemonic ideas of masculine and femininity

A

Postmodernists: globalisation has led to a greater choice in terms of gender roles
womens increased economic dependence - seen as important consumers by media. Leisure activities and consumption are the most significant ways in which masculine and feminine identities are made

31
Q

what are the 8 things that has lead to a crisis in masculinity

A

decline in importance of male breadwinner
declining power and influence in society
rising equality
decline of marriage and parenthood
underachievement in education
rise in gay movements
decline in traditional male employment
medical technology- less necessary for reproduction

32
Q

what is the postmodernist view of gender identity

A

gender is no longer a fixed, stereotypes and expectations are fluid and changing due to globalisation and the media redefining what gender is
Pick ‘n’ Mix: you can choose what gender you want to be eg transgender

33
Q

what is the biological deterministic view of gender

A

gender is based on biology
Parsons: females and males are socialised by their family into different role BUT these are reflected by their ‘natural characteristics’
Instrumental = breadwinner
Expressive= emotional work - looking after children and the home

34
Q

what is the social constructionist view

A

gender is socially constructed - not fixed. we are socialised into gender roles but theses are not based off biological differences, we chose how we want to behave
Mead: studied tribes in New Guinea and found male and female behaviour was different from it in the UK

35
Q

how does the family according to Oakley allow for gender role socialisation

A

through 4 steps
1) manipulation: ways in which parents encourage and discourage behaviour on the basis of whether it is appropriate for that childs sex
2) canalisation: parents direct childrens interests into toys which are deemed ‘normal’ for that sex
3) different activities: parents encourage their children to engage in certain activities- reinforcing expectations on how they should behave later on in life
4) verbal appellations: enforce expectations by using language differently when referring to sons and daughters

36
Q

what are gender codes and give some examples

A

used when assigning specific traits or behaviours primarily or exclusively to certain genders.
colour codes: boys= blue Girls = pink

37
Q

how does education allow for gender role socialisation

A

Formal curriculum: teachers and parent may encourage girls and boys to take certain subjects
girls: foot tech, textiles, English
boys: science, DT, maths
Hidden curriculum: subtle and unintended lessons given out by schools
Male gaze- encourages girls to see their value on their appearance
Structure- lack of female headteachers sends a subtle message that senior position are not available to girls

38
Q

how does the peer group allow for gender role socialisation

A

peer pressure conforms to traditional hegemonic gender identities
Epstein: WC boys are labelled as sissies and subjected to verbal homophobic abuse if they appear to be working ‘too hard at school’
Francis: boys gain status by taking up laddish or class clown roles

39
Q

how does the mass media allow for gender role socialisation

A

Billington: mass media reinforces gender identities
women are:
shown in narrow range of roles
rarely shown in high status occupations
encouraged to be passive
shown as emotional and unpredictable
magazines are split into male and female interests

40
Q

how does religion allow for gender role socialisation

A

religious texts are full of male gods
in wedding vows: “to obey”
rules of some religions put restrictions on womens freedom that are now placed on men: rules on abortions, contraception and divorce

41
Q

how does the workplace allow for gender roles socialisation

A

Adkins: he found taht teh workplace reinforced tradtional hegemornic gender identities
certain genders applied for certain roles within work, male opperated rides in theme parks and women do more caterring
women expected to accept sexism
Stanko: men maintain power in workplace through sexual harrasment/this puts women off from applying for higher jobs
Glass ceiling: women find it hard to reach top positions and can only view it from a far - 87% of newspaper editors are men

AQA A-level Sociology -Culture (13 decks)

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