Gender

Question 1

what is the definition of sex

Answer 1

Biological differences between males and females

Question 2

what is the definition of gender

Answer 2

cultural expectations which go with how males and females are supposed to act = gender roles

Question 3

how do feminists see gender

Answer 3

gender as shaped by patriarchy - to keep men in a dominant position

Question 4

what is gender role socialisation

Answer 4

how individuals learn expectations regarding masculine and feminine identities

Question 5

what is hegemony

Answer 5

a set of dominant ideas (ideology) which allow the powerful to rule with consent

Question 6

what is a hegemonic identity

Answer 6

one that is so dominant it makes it difficult for individuals to assert alternate identities

Question 7

what happens when someone doesnt follow the hegemonic identity

Answer 7

they may be seen as deviant or ridiculed by others

Question 8

what is gender stereotypes

Answer 8

a generalised view of the typical or ideal characteristics of men and women - Hegemonic identities are often based on gender stereotypes

Question 9

list some characteristics of hegemonic masculinity

Answer 9

agressive, football, short hair, bread winner, loud, labouring jobs, emotionless, ‘man up’

Question 10

list some characteristics of hegemonic femininity

Answer 10

makeup, pretty, dependant, wine, heels, housewife, long hair, passive

Question 11

how many different types of femininity are there

Answer 11

3

Question 12

what are the three types of feminity

Answer 12

hegemonic femininity
assertive femininity
ladettes

Question 13

what is hegemonic feminity

Answer 13

women being passive, focusing on appearance, subordinate to men and taking expressive roles

Question 14

what is the evaluation of hegemonic femininity

Answer 14

stereotype is being replaced by strong independent successful women - contributing to income

Question 15

what is assertive femininity

Answer 15

women empower themselves, using there sexuality to challenge the idea that women should be passive

Question 16

what did Blackman find for assertive femininity

Answer 16

found lower middle class and working class New wave girls in secondary school challenged schools male culture

Question 17

what are ladettes

Answer 17

girls take on laddish behaviour (traditional male behaviour) and rejecting education due to failure

Question 18

what did jackson find for ladettes

Answer 18

wc girls take on this behaviour and reject the education system due to fear of failure, becoming more violent

Question 19

how many types of masculinity are there and what are they

Answer 19

6
hegemonic masculinity
laddish masculinity
marginalised masculinity
subordinate masculinity
complicit masculinity
metrosexuality

Question 20

what is hegemonic masculinity

Answer 20

male supremacy, heterosexuality, agression, repression of emotions
may involve sexist expectations about male and female roles

Question 21

what is laddish masculinity

Answer 21

Sexual promiscuity, drinking and footbal
Jackson: often adopted due to the fear of academic failure and wanting to fit in

Question 22

what is marginalised masculinity

Answer 22

applies to men who no longer have masculine jobs due to changes in the economy and therefore feel confused and a sense of loss towards their ideentity
crisis of masculinity - Mac and Ghaill

Question 23

what is subordinate masculinity

Answer 23

describes masculinity associated with gay men who are viewed as not conforming to the expectations of the dominant hegemonic masculinity

Question 24

what is complicit masculinity

Answer 24

the new man: adopting a shared role within the family in terms of housework, being more emotional and caring. Men are not necessarily the main breadwinner anymore

Question 25

what is metrosexuality

Answer 25

Mort: heterosexual men who embrace their feminine side, use cosmetic products and take in fashion male grooming market has grown by 800% since 1998

Question 26

what are the four point that show that changes within society have challenged traditional hegemonic ideas of masculinity and femininity- leading to new forms of gender identity

Answer 26

large scale male unemployment changes in industry globalisation and consumption more women within the workplace

Question 27

how did the change in industry challenge hegemonic ideas of masculine and femininity

Answer 27

de-industrialisation has lead to a decline in manual jobs such as mining which are deemed jobs that suit masculine traits displacing them public sector, retail sector and financial services where more women are employed have become more important working women are postponing having children in favour of having a career

Question 28

how has large scale male unemployment challenge hegemonic ideas of masculine and femininity

Answer 28

Global recession: British economy declining cause large scale unemployment among men undermining that traditional male identity (breadwinner) this leads to a crisis of masculinity (Mac An Ghaill) as men search for a new identity that fits the modern world

Question 29

how has more women in the work place challenged hegemonic ideas of masculine and femininity

Answer 29

more women in the work place means more role models for girls led to a gender quake (Wilkinson) - radical change in feminine identity Sharpe 1990s survey - girls priorities had drastically changed, careers and independence are now more important

Question 30

how has globalisation and consumption challenged hegemonic ideas of masculine and femininity

Answer 30

Postmodernists: globalisation has led to a greater choice in terms of gender roles womens increased economic dependence - seen as important consumers by media. Leisure activities and consumption are the most significant ways in which masculine and feminine identities are made

Question 31

what are the 8 things that has lead to a crisis in masculinity

Answer 31

decline in importance of male breadwinner declining power and influence in society rising equality decline of marriage and parenthood underachievement in education rise in gay movements decline in traditional male employment medical technology- less necessary for reproduction

Question 32

what is the postmodernist view of gender identity

Answer 32

gender is no longer a fixed, stereotypes and expectations are fluid and changing due to globalisation and the media redefining what gender is Pick 'n' Mix: you can choose what gender you want to be eg transgender

Question 33

what is the biological deterministic view of gender

Answer 33

gender is based on biology Parsons: females and males are socialised by their family into different role BUT these are reflected by their 'natural characteristics' Instrumental = breadwinner Expressive= emotional work - looking after children and the home

Question 34

what is the social constructionist view

Answer 34

gender is socially constructed - not fixed. we are socialised into gender roles but theses are not based off biological differences, we chose how we want to behave Mead: studied tribes in New Guinea and found male and female behaviour was different from it in the UK

Question 35

how does the family according to Oakley allow for gender role socialisation

Answer 35

through 4 steps 1) manipulation: ways in which parents encourage and discourage behaviour on the basis of whether it is appropriate for that childs sex 2) canalisation: parents direct childrens interests into toys which are deemed 'normal' for that sex 3) different activities: parents encourage their children to engage in certain activities- reinforcing expectations on how they should behave later on in life 4) verbal appellations: enforce expectations by using language differently when referring to sons and daughters

Question 36

what are gender codes and give some examples

Answer 36

used when assigning specific traits or behaviours primarily or exclusively to certain genders. colour codes: boys= blue Girls = pink

Question 37

how does education allow for gender role socialisation

Answer 37

Formal curriculum: teachers and parent may encourage girls and boys to take certain subjects girls: foot tech, textiles, English boys: science, DT, maths Hidden curriculum: subtle and unintended lessons given out by schools Male gaze- encourages girls to see their value on their appearance Structure- lack of female headteachers sends a subtle message that senior position are not available to girls

Question 38

how does the peer group allow for gender role socialisation

Answer 38

peer pressure conforms to traditional hegemonic gender identities Epstein: WC boys are labelled as sissies and subjected to verbal homophobic abuse if they appear to be working 'too hard at school' Francis: boys gain status by taking up laddish or class clown roles

Question 39

how does the mass media allow for gender role socialisation

Answer 39

Billington: mass media reinforces gender identities women are: shown in narrow range of roles rarely shown in high status occupations encouraged to be passive shown as emotional and unpredictable magazines are split into male and female interests

Question 40

how does religion allow for gender role socialisation

Answer 40

religious texts are full of male gods in wedding vows: "to obey" rules of some religions put restrictions on womens freedom that are now placed on men: rules on abortions, contraception and divorce

Question 41

how does the workplace allow for gender roles socialisation

Answer 41

Adkins: he found that the workplace reinforced traditional hegemonic gender identities certain genders applied for certain roles within work, male opperated rides in theme parks and women do more caterring women expected to accept sexism Stanko: men maintain power in workplace through sexual harrasment/this puts women off from applying for higher jobs Glass ceiling: women find it hard to reach top positions and can only view it from a far - 87% of newspaper editors are men