GenBio_1-2 Flashcards
refers to the gradual process of change and deveopment of living organisms over time
evolution
1795 theory of geological change; forces change earth’s surface shape; changes are slow; earth much older than thousands of years
James Hutton
Book: Principles of Geography
Geographical features can be built up or torn down.
Uniformitarianism was “the present is the key to the past”
Darwin thought if earth did change over time, what about life?
Charles Lyell
Tendency toward perfection
birds using forearm
Use and disuse
Giraffe necks
Tendency toward perfection (birds using forearm)
Use and disuse (giraffe necks)
Inheritance of acquired traits
Jean Baptist Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
First articulated theory of evolution:
1.Organisms continually arise by
_________________ ____________.
2.Organisms develop ___________ to changing
environment through the ______ and ________ of
organs.
3. Acquired characteristics are ________.
spontaenous generation
adapatation; use and disuse
inherited
problems with lamarck’s ideas
- There is no evidence of ___________ __________.
- There is no evidence of an _____ ________
toward complexity. - There is no evidence of ________ of
acquired characteristics.
spontaneous generation
innate drive
inheritance
19th century English economist
If population grew (more babies born than die)
then, insufficient living space and food runs out
darwin applied this theory to animals
thomas malthus
Evolution, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Voyage of _____ _________?
The Beagle
date of voyage of the beagle?
who’s the captain?
what was their ship?
February 12, 1831
captained by charles darwin
sailing with H.M.S beagle
what was the destination of hms beagle?
voyage around the world
how long did the voyage of the beagle take?
5 years
what was the findings of the voyage beagle?
a revolutionary hypothesis how life changes over time
the _______ island
galaspagos
smallest, lowest islands where hot, dry, and nearly barron, and has a sparse vegatation
hood island
higher islands had a greater rainfall, a rich vegetation, and a different assortment of plants and animals
isabela
Darwin was fascinated in particular by the __________
and __________ in the Galápagos.
- _______ varied in predictable ways from one
island to another. - The ______ of a tortoise’s shell could be used to identify
which island a particular tortoise inhabited.
land tortoises and marine iguanas
giant tortoises
shape
intermediate shell
pinta island
dome-shaped shell
isabela
saddle-backed shell
hood island
what are the four example animals found in galaspagos?
land tortoises
blue-footed booby
marine iguanas
finches
*Darwin Observed that characteristics of
many plants and animals __ _____
among the islands
vary greatly
hypothesis of the journey home
separate species may have arisen from an original ancestor
He wrote an essay summarizing evolutionary change from his field work in Malaysia
Russel Wallace
He gave Darwin the drive to publish his own findings
Russel Wallace
Russel Wallace wrote an essay about ______ _______ from his field work in ________?
Evolutionary change
Malaysia
what is the name of Darwin’s scientific literature?
On the Origin of Species
Over time, _____ _________ results in changes in inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species ________ in its environment.
natural selection; fitness
differences among individuals of a species
natural variation
nature provides the variation among different organisms, humans then select those variations they find useful.
artificial selection
members of each species must compete for food, shelter, and other life necessities
struggle for existence
some individuals better suited for the environment
survival of the fittest
Patterns of Diversity
- Darwin visited ______ and _______ which had similar
_________ ecosystems.
*those __________ were inhabited by very different
animals.
- neither_______ nor _______was home to the sorts
of animals that lived in _______ grasslands.
argentina and australia; grassland ecosystems
grasslands
agentina nor australia; european
Living Organisms and Fossils
- Darwin collected the preserved remains of ancient
organisms, called _______. - Some of those fossils ______ organisms that
were still alive today.
fossils; resembled
Each living organism has
descended, with changes from
other species over time.
descent modification
were derived from common ancestors
common descent
what are the four evidences of evolution?
fossil record
geographic distribution of living things
homologous body structures
simlarities in early embryonic development
The layer that show
change.
❑Show extinct species.
❑Show relationships
between ______ and
ancient organisms.
fossil records; current
structures that have different
mature forms in different
organisms, but develop from
the same embryonic tissue
homologous structures
same structure but different function
homologous
different structure but same function
analogous
organs that serve no use of the organism anymore
vestigial organs
appendix, miniature legs, arms, wisdom tooth
vestigial organs
Pattern of meiosis
(gametes) → fertilization
→ mitosis (adults)
similarities in early development
