Gen Psych Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Learning?

A

A change in behavior based on experience.

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Pairing a neutral stimulus with one that naturally triggers a response.

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3
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A

Stimulus that elicits naturally-occurring response.

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4
Q

What is an unconditioned response (UR)?

A

Organism’s natural reaction to the US.

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5
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A

Initially, the neutral stimulus becomes conditioned.

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6
Q

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A

Reaction that resembles UR but its triggered by the previously neutral stimulus

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7
Q

How does classical conditioning affect drug overdoses?

A

If you take the same dose of a drug in a NEW environment, the CS is missing.

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8
Q

How does classical conditioning relate to origins of phobias?

A

A surprising upsetting experience pairs a neutral stimulus with fears.

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9
Q

What are the steps of systematic desensitization?

A

(1) Expose people to small dose of feared stimulus, (2) Coupled with a pleasurable experience, (3) Gives patient a way to relax without the adrenaline of escape.

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10
Q

What are the stages of classical conditioning?

A

(1) Acquisition: Initial learning of behavior, (2): Extinction: When you stop pairing the CS and US, the CR will disappear.

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11
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

Stimulus that is similar to CS elicits a CR.

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12
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

The more different the new stimulus is, the less it elicits the CR.

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13
Q

What is biological preparedness?

A

It’s easier to condition some responses than others. These learning tendencies are species-specific. A main reason behaviorism fell.

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14
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

When a behavior becomes associated with its consequences.

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15
Q

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A

Classical is the association between stimuli “passive” while operant is the association between a behavior and its consequence “active.”

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16
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Adding a pleasant stimulus increases behavior.

17
Q

What is a negative reinforcement?

A

Removing an aversive stimulus increases behavior.

18
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Adding an aversive stimulus decreases behavior.

19
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.

20
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

Stimuli that fulfills physiological needs.

21
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

Stimuli that are effective because they are associated with primary reinforers.

22
Q

What is the general rule of punishment and reinforcement?

A

It’s better to teach reinforcement.

23
Q

What is partial reinforcement?

A

Only some correct responses are reinforced.

24
Q

What is the partial reinforcement effect?

A

Behaviors maintained under partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than those under continuous reinforcement.

25
Q

What is superstitious behavior?

A

Organisms have a natural tendency to infer causation from correlation.

26
Q

What is latent learning?

A

It is learning that can occur without reinforcement. You can learn something cognitively without showing it behaviorally.

27
Q

What is a cognitive map?

A

A map in minds that help solve a problem

28
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Behaviors that are acquired after watching others perform it.

29
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Some neurons in models’ and observer’s brains activate when model engages in a behavior.