GEN CHEM MIDTERM Flashcards
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refers to the force
that causes the molecules on the
surface of a liquid to be pushed
together and form a layer.
Explains why a drop of liquid is
spherical in shape.
Explains why a water strider can
walk on the surface of the water.
surface tension
formed between same atoms or atoms
with very similar electronegativities.
non polar covalent bond
??? substance
Liquid substance
that forms a
solution with liquid
solvent
miscibility
??? is a relatively strong
force of attraction between molecules,
and considerable energy is required to
break hydrogen bonds. HYDROGEN JUST WANNA HAVE FON
Hydrogen bonding
As temperature increases,
the ??? also
increases.
vapor pressure
●Symmetric
●All the sides around
the central atom are
identical (bonded to
the same element
with no unshared
pairs of electrons.)
non polar compound
Is the measure of
liquid’s
consistency and
resistance to flow.
is a measure of the
substance’s
intermolecular
force of attraction(IMFA)
Viscosity
are characterized by
an extended threedimensional arrangement of
atoms, ions, or molecules in
which the components are
generally locked into their
positions.
Solids
- Contains two or more
kind of atoms
compound
4 TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
London Dispersion Forces(LDF)
Dipole-dipole Forces(DDF)
Hydrogen Bond
Ion-dipole Forces(IDF)
freezing(s to l
condensation(g to l
deposition(g to s
exothermic
sub atomic particles
proton, neutron, electron
Is the pressure
resulting from the
evaporation of a
liquid above a
sample of the liquid
in a closed
container.
At a certain temperature,
some molecules of a
liquid escape into the gas
phase on top of the liquid.
This gas is referred to as vapor.
VApor Pressure
Forces that act or
exist between
molecules or
particles in the solid
or liquid states
Intermolecular model
- similar
electronegativities - Sharing of electrons
- Nonmetals-nonmetals
covalent bond
- Basic building
blocks of matter - Smallest part of a
substance that
cannot be broken
down chemically
atoms
types of intramolecular forces of attraction
- IONIC BOND
- COVALENT BOND
- METALLIC BOND
Formed when atoms of slightly
different electronegativities share
electrons
polar covalent bond
the ability to be a solution as a solute
solubility
A quantity that
describes the
polarity of a bond
in a molecule.
dipole
Is the temperature at which the
vapor pressure of the liquid is equal
to the atmospheric pressure.
“The higher the vapor pressure of a
liquid, the lower its ???”
boiling point
transfer of valence electron
Ionic bond
absorbtion of energy
endothermic
yep or nah: Intermolecular forces is stronger than intramolecular forces
Nah, dats a cap. it’s the other way around?reverse
Also called Van Der Waals forces
(named after a Dutch chemist,
Johannes Van Der Waal)
Intermolecular model
The pressure exerted
by a vapor in a
closed container is
called the ???.
If a liquid has weak
intermolecular forces of
attraction, the escaping
tendency of the
molecules is high.” this
causes a high ??? of the liquid
vapor pressure
If the electrons in
the outermost shell
are filled completely
or partially then it is
regarded as stable
atom
stable atom
atomic radius increase
to the lower left
For a liquid to boil,
enough energy must
be supplied to
disrupt
intermolecular forces
among its molecules.
Boiling point
- Contains only
one kind of atom
element
Process in which a
solute mixes with the
solvent to form a
homogeneous mixture
dissolution process
Model that explains the behavior
of Matter
kinetic molecular model
Are attractive forces between the
positive end of one polar molecule and
negative end of another polar molecule.
Dipole-dipole forces(DDF)
It is physical
change in the
state of matter.
involve
the absorption or release
of energy (heat)
phase change
- There is space between
particles. - The amount of space in
between particles is related to
the substance’s state of matter.
Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory
the component being
dissolved to make a
solution
Solute
They can aggregate with
“no particular long-range
order”, and form an ???
amorphous solids
location of proton and neutron
nucleus
regular solids of particles
long order of arrangement of particles
True solids
sharp melting points
anisotrophic naturally(diff physical properties in diff direction)-speed of light different
crystalline solidq
They can form a regular
repeating “three dimensional structure”
called a crystal lattice,
thus producing a ???
crystalline solid
The amount of kinetic
energy in a substance is
related to its
temperature
Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory
Number of
proton is
equals to the
number of
electron
in neutral atom
however, an increase
in temperature
decreases ???
surface tension
irregular solids
short order of arrangement
pseudo solids/super cool liquids(ability to flow overtime
range melting points
Isotrophic naturally(same physical properties same direction)-speed of light same
amorphous solids
If IMFA is strong,
the liquid will
have a high ???.
“The higher the
temperature, the
lower the liquid’s ???”
viscosity
Force of attraction
between a charge
ion (cation or
anion) and a
molecule
Ion-dipole forces(IDF)
- Particles are very closely
packed and are strongly
attracted to each other - Vibrate a little; vibrate
faster when heated
Solid Particles
two groups of solid
- crystalline solids
- amorphous solids
Two kinds of molecular forces/attraction
Intramolecular, Intermolecular
Has definite volume,
but has no fixed
shape
Has particles that can
move and are in close
contact
Liquid properties
diff of the two groups of solid
The differences in properties
of these two groups of solids
arise from the “presence or
absence of a long-range
order” of arrangements of the
particles in the solid.
- Not rigid
- No fixed shape
- No fixed volume
- Easy to compress
Gas Properties
Is the amount of heat needed to vaporize a
given amount of substance at its boiling
point.
“Substances with high ???
have strong intermolecular forces of
attraction (imfa).”
heat of vaporization
are the forces that
hold atoms together
within a molecule.
Intramolecular
Melting(s to l
vaporization(l to g
sublimation(s to g
endothermic
● Asymmetric
● Having atoms with different
electronegativities bonded.
(molecule in which one end is
slightly positive while the other
end is slightly negative.
polar molecules
release of energy
exothermic
- Occurs among metals
- Sharing of electrons among all the
atoms in a metal lattice
metallic bond
A ??? is a homogeneous mixture
of two or more substances
solution
the medium in which
substance is dissolved
solvent
- Has no definite shape but
has a definite volume - Flow and take the shape
of the container - Almost incompressible
- Expands when heated
Liquid Property
location of electron
atoms orbit
The properties of solids
and liquids are explained
by the kinetic molecular
model in terms of the
forces of attraction and
the kinetic energy of
individual particles.
Kinetic molecular model
atomic radius decreases
to the upper right
Types of covalent bond
non polar and polar
- Particles are less closely
packed and are weakly
attracted to each other;
interaction breaks easily - Vibrate and move more than
those in solids; move faster
when heated
Liquid Particles
Molecules in the liquid
can go into the gas
phase easily if
intermolecular forces
among them are weak
vapor pressure
Pull the particles together while
kinetic energy keeps the particles
at a distance and/or moving
Intermolecular model
Phase changes happen when
the temperature of the
substance changes
sufficiently.
Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory
Liquids that are readily
converted into gases are ???.
*Have weaker
intermolecular forces, thus
they are converted easily
into gas
example rubbing alcohol
volatile
- The weakest of the intermolecular forces
- Exist between all types of molecules,
whether ionic or covalent – polar or
nonpolar. - The more electrons a molecule has, the
stronger the ???
are.
London dispersion forces(LDF)
- Has a definite shape and
volume - Do not flow
- Virtually incompressible
- Slightly expands when heated,
but to a lesser extent than
liquids
Solid properties
Is the spontaneous
movement of a liquid into
a narrow tube or porous
material against the force
of gravity.
It’s driven by the combined forces of
adhesion and cohesion.
Capillary action
yep or nah:the cohesion pulls/sticks the same molecules?substance while adhesion pulls/sticks in between different molecules
yep, frfr
- Matter is made of
particles that are
constantly in motion.
Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory
the strength of ??? depends on the
intermolecular force of attraction.
the stronger the
intermolecular force of
attraction, the greater
the ???
surface tension
This is a special kind of
dipole-dipole
interaction that occurs
specially between a
hydrogen atom bonded
to either an oxygen,
nitrogen, or fluorine
atom. HYDROGEN JUST WANNA HAVE FON
Hydrogen bonding
- Far apart
- Very little
attraction - Constantly moving
Gas Particles
Molecules at the surface are
pulled downward and
sideways by other molecules,
not upward away from the
surface.
These intermolecular forces
tend to pull the molecules
into the liquid and cause the
surface to tighten like an
elastic film or “skin”
surface tension
