gen-chem 1st quart Flashcards
The emergence of chemistry as a discipline of science began with..
Anglo-Irish philosopher ROBERT BOYLE
Robert Boyle published this a discipline of science in 1661
The Sceptical Chymist
Robert Boyle defined it as the simplest composition of matter that cannot be broken down further by any chemical means
element
Robert Boyle suggested that atoms of elements combine to form different..
compounds
The interest on the concept of elements and compounds heightened when _______ isolated oxygen gas
Joseph Priestley
Priestly called oxygen gas as
dephlogisticated air
He formulated the “law of conservation of mass”
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
States that a chemical reaction, the mass of the substances produced is equal to the mass of the substances reacted
Law of conservation of mass
It is the foundation for stoichiometric calculations
Law of conservation of mass
Known as the father of modern chemistry
Antoine Lavoisier
He established the law of definite proportions
Joseph-Louise Proust
The law of definite proportions is also called as
the law of definite composition
States that any sample of a given compound will always be composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass
The law of definite proportions
He proposed the law of multiple proportions
John Dalton
This fundamental law states that for elements that can form different compounds, the masses of the second element that can combine with a fixed mass of the first element are in a ratio of small whole numbers.
The law of multiple proportions
John Dalton proposed an atomic theory of matter that can explain chemical observations as predicted by the three fundamental laws
A New System of Chemical Philosophy
He discovered the “electron” while studying the nature of cathode rays
Joseph John Thomson
Cathode rays in an evacuated tube
cathode ray tube (CRT)
are deflected by a negatively charged plate and attracted by a positively charged plate as if the rays consisted of negatively charged particles
cathode ray tube (CRT)
A German physicist who discovered X-ray
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
A French physicist who discovered radioactivity of uranium
Henri Becquerel
A British physicist who discovered and described the alpha and beta rays as positively and negatively charged radiations
Ernest Rutherford
Rutherford discovered the proton in
1920
Who discovered protons
Rutherford
Rutherford’s co-researcher who discovered the other type of particle in the nucleus: [who & what]
James Chadwick; Neutrons
The nucleus at the center consists of protons and neutrons, collectively known as..
Nucleons
Represents the number of protons in its nucleus
Atomic number
Indicates the total number of protons and neutrons; it is an estimate of the element’s atomic mass
Mass number
They have different mass numbers but the same atomic number; Follow the same configuration for elements
Isotopes
Principal fuels for nuclear reactors
Uranium isotopes
Naturally occurring uranium percentages are reffered to as
Isotopic abundances
when a neutral atom gains or loses one or more electrons, it becomes an electronically charged particle called..
ion
Metals tend to lose electrons and become positively charged..
cations
Nonmetals gain electrons and become negatively charged
anions
The number of electrons lost or gained is the..
charge number
an ion that consists of only one atom is referred to as a..
monatomic ion
different atoms can also combine and form
polyatomic acid
when atoms of nonmetals share electrons, they form an electrically neutral aggregate called..
molecule
What are the diatomic molecules
I, Br, Cl, F, O, N, H
nonmetallic elements exist in nature as..
diatomic molecules
Results from an attraction between a cation and an anion
Ionic compound
Setting the charge number of one ion as the subscript of the other ion
Crisscross rule
some ionic compounds have water molecules incorporated in their structure and are called
hydrated salts
Ionic compounds without their water molecules
anhydrous
Are compounds that can give off hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (aqeuous)
acids
results when nonmetals share electrons
covalent compound
naming most compounds of carbon
organic compounds
contains the symbol and the corresponding answer of atoms of all the elements in a compound
molecular formula
shows only the reduced form of a molecular formula
empirical formula
shows the bond pattern and connectivity of atoms in a compound
structural formula
simplifies the structural formula, in which bonding patterns and connectivity are less obvious but are still prettier
condensed structural formula
