GED 6 Genomes Flashcards
What is the C-paradox?
- For example an onion has 16 million base pairs of DNA
- this is pretty crazy thinking about the easy life cycle it has which is just growing and be eaten
- this is the C-paradox
What percentage of HUMAN DNA is junk Dna?
85%
What percentage of the base pair of HUMAN DNA code for protein?
3 % (out of 3 BBBillion base pairs)
How many genes in humans ENCODE for protein?
20 000ish
Why does a MOUSE DNA contain more protein encoding genes than HUMAN DNA?
We do not know!
What percentage of our DNA is repetitive element?
45%
What did BARBARA MCLINTON come up with?
Idea of gene being able to move( these DNA sequence are called TRANSPOSONS)
What percentage of of DNA is TRANSPOSONS is the HUMAN Genome?
50%
What type of transposons are there and how do they differ?
Class 1; RETROTRANSPOSONS DNA : Produce Rna sequence which is converted back into DNA using reverse transcriptase and then INSERTED into DNA
Class 2 Transposons= produce TRANPOSASE which enables ‘ungluing’ of DNA and ‘jump’
How are transposons silenced in the human genome?
- epigenetic factors
- self produced siRNA by the transposons
How can transposons create potentially new genes/ Increase genetic diversity ? (name the process)
Exon shuffling - Transposable elements do not always excise precisely , so they might take a part of the exon with their self when transposing and introduce this part of the exon to a new exon creating potentially new genes.
Why was the HUMAN genetic draft so hard to make?
Because genes move! Transposable elements
The northern Arctic fish has different form of anti-freeze protein than compared to ANTArctic fish, what type of evolution is this?
Convergent evolution
How did the new antifreeze glycoprotein arise?
- Normal sequence of ala-ala-ala
- Mutation led to the rise of Thr - ala - ala
- This new gene expanded through duplication
- Another mutation occured in the genome which could act as a TRANPORTER(secretory protein) to get thr-ala-ala into blood
- Translocation brought this sequence near a promoter region where DNA replication started to occur and the anti-freeze glycoprotein was formed
- This shows natural selection using what was already available to produce advantage
What is syncitin and how is it related to natural selection?
- Syncitin is a protein that is for PLANCENTAL productions in human
- syncitin is produced by a gene that was stolen from a retrovial infection that affected our ancestor in the past
- Synciting in the retrovirus only produced a protein coat, natural selection perfected it to lead to placental development over time
What is the process that explain gene transfer between snake and cow named?
Horizontal gene transfer
How did cow get snake DNA?
- Ticks, organism that suck blood
- sucked snake blood and then blood of cow’s ancestors
- snake retroviruses/DNA passed to cow
- happened many times before cow could adapt to snake DNA
- this is an example of horizontal gene transfer
Inheriting of mitochondria is an example of?
horizontal gene transfer
What are insects related to/descend from?
- DNA sequencing in anthropoids
- showed that insects are very closely related to crustaceans
- insects evolved from crustaceans that moved to land
how many species of giraffes are there?
- In further reading we come across 9 species of giraffes with different external aesthetic
- 4 different classification are produced within these giraffes with mitocondrial DNA comparison
- HOWEVER this does NOT demonstrate that these are 4 DIFFERENT species as they live very far apart so there is no gene flow
- hence they’re more like SUBSPECIES
What is e-DNA/environmental DNA?
- extracting DNA without going anywhere near organism
- non-invasive observation technique
Does the lochness monster really exist?
No, no such DNA found in the water where the re supposedly is the lochness monster
- water is very good at conserving molecules, so e-DNA should’ve found something but it isn’t the case.
What does the study in TIBETANS show?
- Tibetans(live at 4000 m altitude) and Han Chines studied
- EPAS 1 gene- gene responsible for red-blood cell production
- EPAS 1 in tibetants 87% of population had mutation in this gene whereas only 9% of the HAN chinese showed mutation in EPAS 1 gene
- example of natural selection in HUMANS
What trait of BAJAU people in Asia shows natural selection?
- population of divers
- able to dive for long period
- due to larger spleen which reserve large amount of RBC
