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GED > GED 6 Genomes > Flashcards

GED 6 Genomes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the C-paradox?

A
  • For example an onion has 16 million base pairs of DNA
  • this is pretty crazy thinking about the easy life cycle it has which is just growing and be eaten
  • this is the C-paradox
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2
Q

What percentage of HUMAN DNA is junk Dna?

A

85%

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3
Q

What percentage of the base pair of HUMAN DNA code for protein?

A

3 % (out of 3 BBBillion base pairs)

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4
Q

How many genes in humans ENCODE for protein?

A

20 000ish

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5
Q

Why does a MOUSE DNA contain more protein encoding genes than HUMAN DNA?

A

We do not know!

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6
Q

What percentage of our DNA is repetitive element?

A

45%

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7
Q

What did BARBARA MCLINTON come up with?

A

Idea of gene being able to move( these DNA sequence are called TRANSPOSONS)

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8
Q

What percentage of of DNA is TRANSPOSONS is the HUMAN Genome?

A

50%

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9
Q

What type of transposons are there and how do they differ?

A

Class 1; RETROTRANSPOSONS DNA : Produce Rna sequence which is converted back into DNA using reverse transcriptase and then INSERTED into DNA
Class 2 Transposons= produce TRANPOSASE which enables ‘ungluing’ of DNA and ‘jump’

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10
Q

How are transposons silenced in the human genome?

A
  • epigenetic factors
  • self produced siRNA by the transposons
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11
Q

How can transposons create potentially new genes/ Increase genetic diversity ? (name the process)

A

Exon shuffling - Transposable elements do not always excise precisely , so they might take a part of the exon with their self when transposing and introduce this part of the exon to a new exon creating potentially new genes.

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12
Q

Why was the HUMAN genetic draft so hard to make?

A

Because genes move! Transposable elements

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13
Q

The northern Arctic fish has different form of anti-freeze protein than compared to ANTArctic fish, what type of evolution is this?

A

Convergent evolution

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14
Q

How did the new antifreeze glycoprotein arise?

A
  • Normal sequence of ala-ala-ala
  • Mutation led to the rise of Thr - ala - ala
  • This new gene expanded through duplication
  • Another mutation occured in the genome which could act as a TRANPORTER(secretory protein) to get thr-ala-ala into blood
  • Translocation brought this sequence near a promoter region where DNA replication started to occur and the anti-freeze glycoprotein was formed
  • This shows natural selection using what was already available to produce advantage
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15
Q

What is syncitin and how is it related to natural selection?

A
  • Syncitin is a protein that is for PLANCENTAL productions in human
  • syncitin is produced by a gene that was stolen from a retrovial infection that affected our ancestor in the past
  • Synciting in the retrovirus only produced a protein coat, natural selection perfected it to lead to placental development over time
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16
Q

What is the process that explain gene transfer between snake and cow named?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

17
Q

How did cow get snake DNA?

A
  • Ticks, organism that suck blood
  • sucked snake blood and then blood of cow’s ancestors
  • snake retroviruses/DNA passed to cow
  • happened many times before cow could adapt to snake DNA
  • this is an example of horizontal gene transfer
18
Q

Inheriting of mitochondria is an example of?

A

horizontal gene transfer

19
Q

What are insects related to/descend from?

A
  • DNA sequencing in anthropoids
  • showed that insects are very closely related to crustaceans
  • insects evolved from crustaceans that moved to land
20
Q

how many species of giraffes are there?

A
  • In further reading we come across 9 species of giraffes with different external aesthetic
  • 4 different classification are produced within these giraffes with mitocondrial DNA comparison
  • HOWEVER this does NOT demonstrate that these are 4 DIFFERENT species as they live very far apart so there is no gene flow
  • hence they’re more like SUBSPECIES
21
Q

What is e-DNA/environmental DNA?

A
  • extracting DNA without going anywhere near organism
  • non-invasive observation technique
22
Q

Does the lochness monster really exist?

A

No, no such DNA found in the water where the re supposedly is the lochness monster
- water is very good at conserving molecules, so e-DNA should’ve found something but it isn’t the case.

23
Q

What does the study in TIBETANS show?

A
  • Tibetans(live at 4000 m altitude) and Han Chines studied
  • EPAS 1 gene- gene responsible for red-blood cell production
  • EPAS 1 in tibetants 87% of population had mutation in this gene whereas only 9% of the HAN chinese showed mutation in EPAS 1 gene
  • example of natural selection in HUMANS
24
Q

What trait of BAJAU people in Asia shows natural selection?

A
  • population of divers
  • able to dive for long period
  • due to larger spleen which reserve large amount of RBC

GED (14 decks)

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