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UNI > GED-198: Islamic Culture > Flashcards

GED-198: Islamic Culture Flashcards

1
Q

Culture

A

A framework of behavioral patterns, values, assumptions and experiences by a social group. It consists of collective values that individuals unconsciously apply which allows others’ behavior to be predictable/comprehensible.

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2
Q

Culture & Ice berg

A

Culture is often compared to an ice berg. The tip of an ice berg shows the visible aspects of culture (behavior, habits & clothes). Beneath the surface shows the beliefs, values, customs, experiences and assumptions.

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3
Q

Islamic Culture (2 Meanings)

A
  1. Ethical codes & different general laws established by Qur’an and tradition of Prophet Mohammad.
  2. Diverse and multifaceted reality that consists of practice, customs and way of life of different Muslim societies (Arab, Persian, Berber, Turkish, Kurdish).
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4
Q

CHARACTERISTIC 1 - Divinity or Allahiness

A

Source of Islamic culture is Allah. Islamic knowledge is based on what is stated in the Qur’an and Sunnah and calls for MONOTHEISM and VIRTUES.

Virtues to abide by: Trustworthiness, honoring contracts, justice & preservation of family kinship

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5
Q

CHARACTERISTIC 2 - Compatibility with Human Nature

A

Allah created everyone with a natural sense of believing in one God, called fitrah. Islam helps people live better by teaching them how to treat others and stay close to Allah.

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6
Q

CHARACTERISTIC 3 - Positive Attitude

A

Islam is applying theoretical knowledge into actions. Man has to do good deeds on Earth as Allah sees everyone’s actions.

This encourages people to stay positive, work hard, and have good intentions towards oneself and others.

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7
Q

CHARACTERISTIC 4 - Comprehensiveness and Perfection

A

Islamic Culture comes from Islam which is a religion for all mankind. Islam covers all aspects of life which makes it a perfect and balanced culture.

Islamic guidance includes teachings of how a man deals with himself, Lord, society, and nature.

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8
Q

CHARACTERISTIC 5 - Moderation

A

Islam teaches moderation as a way to prevent from going to the extremes. It encourages a balance between material and spiritual needs, personal joy and other.

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9
Q

CHARACTERISTIC 6 - Realism

A

Islam focuses on reality, not unrealistic expectations. It does not force a man tasks that is more than his ability. Instead, it aims to develop a TRANSPARENT and SENSITIVE personality.

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10
Q

CHARACTERISTIC 7 - Universality

A

Islam promotes universality & rejects nationalism, racism and cultural ego-centrism.

Allah teaches that all people came from same origin, and the best among them are the righteous and conscious at him (Piety). Islam guides everyone to worship Allah and follow his teachings.

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11
Q

CHARACTERISTIC 8 - Change and Constancy

A

Islam has constancy of its principles and flexibility of its laws. The objectives of Islam are constant but how people practice it can change depending on their time and environment.

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12
Q

Tawheed

A

DIVINITY OR ALLAHINESS – Monotheism (Oneness of God)

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13
Q

Fitrah

A

COMPATIBILITY OF HUMAN NATURE – Disposition/Consciousness

  • Allah created a natural sense of believing in oneness of Allah.
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14
Q

Tawjeed

A

POSITIVITY – Reading and reciting Qur’an with accuracy.

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15
Q

Taqwa

A

UNIVERSALITY – Fear of God

  • Being aware that God observes us and our actions. One must acknowledge this, and refrain from doing the bad deeds.
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16
Q

RESOURCES 1 - Holy Qur’an

A

Highest authoritative & most authentic text of the religion: Words of Allah was sent down to Messenger Mohammad (PBUH) through Angel Gabriel.

Recitation is used in acts of worship & has miraculous nature.

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17
Q

tahreef

A

HOLY QUR’AN - Qur’an has no tahreef, meaning no revisions were made since its release and throughout time. It is protected.

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18
Q

surah & ayah

A

HOLY QUR’AN – Surah means CHAPTER; Ayah means VERSE

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19
Q

makki & madani

A

Makki verses are major concepts about principles of Islam (REVEALED IN MAKKAH)

Madani verses are about systems in Islam (REVEALED IN MADINAH)

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20
Q

hijrah

A

HOLY QUR’AN – Immigration

  • when PBUH had to immigrate from Mecca to Madinah.
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21
Q

Muslims Beliefs toward QUR’AN

A
  1. It shapes the Muslim civilization by guiding life, laws, and culture which leads to success.
  2. Style of Qur’an is miraculous, and no one can create similar to it.
  3. Qur’an talks about laws, metaphysics, ethics, and natural laws
  • QURAN means to read / to gather.
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22
Q

RESOURCES 2 - The Sunnah/Prophetic Tradition

A

Second resource of Islam that refers to the practices and teachings of Prophet Mohammad (way of the prophet). It includes SAYINGS, ACTIONS, APPROVALS.

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23
Q

Types of Sunnah

A
  1. Verbal Sunnah (Hadith) - sayings & spoken words by PBUH (e.g.: You actions are connected to your intention)
  2. Practical Sunnah - actions & behaviors of PBUH that Muslims follow (e.g.: how PBUH performed Salah)
  3. Tacitly Approved Sunnah - silent approval of others’ actions by PBUH
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24
Q

RESOURCES 3 - Ijmaa’

A

Ijmaa’ means CONSENSUS: Common agreement of mujtahid (Muslim scholar with in depth understanding of Qur’an, Sunnah & Arabic) after PBUH’s demise on a specific law/rule.

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25
Q

Types of Ijmaa’

A
  1. Explicit Ijmaa’ - when all mujtahidun agreed upon an issue without objections
  2. Silent Ijmaa’ - when one scholar approves & rest are silent.
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26
Q

RESOURCES 4 - Qiyas (Analogy)

A

Process of analogical reasoning whereby new rules are implemented by comparing the Qur’an statements of old cases to new cases (not covered by Qur’an) that all resulted to negative effects.

Old Case/Incident - INTOXICANT
New Case/Incident (not covered by Qur’an) - Wine & Vodka
Cause - Losing Mind
New Rule - Forbidden

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27
Q

Istikhara

A

A prayer that muslims perform to ask Allah for guidance

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28
Q

3 Areas of Islamic Culture

A
  1. Creed - Six Articles of Faith
  2. Worship - Five Pillars of Islam
  3. Ethics
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29
Q

AREAS 1 - Creed

A

AQIDAH - Doctrine
IMAN - Faith & belief voiced by tongue and recognized by heart:

  • In Islamic theology, it is the inner aspect of religion where it involves believer’s faith in things we can’t see.
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30
Q

ARTICLE 1 - To believe in God

A

Believing in one and only God (Allah)

31
Q

ARTICLE 2 - To believe in His Angels

A

Angels that are made of pure light. It is purified from any worldly tendencies such as lust and sins.

Some names of Angels:
1. Gabriel - in charge of revealing Qur’an
2. Malik - in charge of Hell
3. Ridwan - in charge of Heaven
4. Munkar & Nakeer

32
Q

ARTICLE 3 - To believe in His Holy Books

A
  1. Qur’an
  2. Torah - Old Testament (Prophet Musa)
  3. Bible - New Testament (Prophet Issa)
  4. Zabur - Psalms (Prophet David)
33
Q

ARTICLE 4 - To believe in all Prophets and Messengers

A

All messengers can be a messenger and prophet, but not all prophets are messengers.

34
Q

ARTICLE 5 - To believe in Day of Judgement

A

Humans are judged for their actions on Earth. Life on Earth is a test.

35
Q

Bartakh/Barzakh

A

ARTICLE 5 – Bartakh means Unseen Divider

  • In Islamic term, it is the period where human soul spends after death and before the final resurrection.
36
Q

ARTICLE 6 - To believe in Fate and Destiny

A

Believe that Allah has a plan for everyone, including good and bad events.

Muslims believe that God gives us freedom to choose between right and wrong choices that we are responsible for.

37
Q

ARTICLE 7 - Ihsan

A

IHSAN means EXCELLENCE in both worship & actions.

More attempt of exerting effort, the more you’re likely to reach excellence.

38
Q

Excellence in Worship (2 EXAMPLES)

A
  • To worship God as if you see Him, even you don’t see Him physically.
  • To feel God’s presence when performing rituals.
39
Q

Israa and Mi’raaj

A

A miracle that PBUH traveled from Mecca to Holy Mosque in Jerusalem (Al-Aqsa). Afterwards, he ascended to heaven.

40
Q

israa

A

It means to WALK AT NIGHT.

  • PBUH was able to ascend to heaven after suffering from difficult experiences in his tribes which eventually God rewarded him.

** When PBUH descends back to Earth, he meets Moses and told to go back to Allah asking for shortening number of daily prayers from 50 to 5.

41
Q

shafaa’

A

It means INTERCESSION.

  • To request a favor from Allah by someone to be granted to somebody else.

** Greatest Intercession is granted to PBUH.

42
Q

AREAS 2 - Worship

A

Worship means IBADAH. It comprises everything that Allah loves and approves: prayer & good deeds.

43
Q

PILLAR 1 - Shahadah

A

To bear witness that Allah is the only TRUE God and that PBUH is His messenger.

44
Q

PILLAR 2 - Salat

A

Salat = PRAYER

To stand in prayer to Allah five times a day.

45
Q

PILLAR 3 - Fasting

A

To abstain from eating, drinking and any sexual intercourse during daytime of the month of Ramadan

46
Q

PILLAR 4 - Zakat

A

Zakat means POOR.

To give 2.5% of your annual savings to those in need.

47
Q

PILLAR 5 - Hajj

A

Hajj is the PILGRIMAGE.

To perform a journey to Makkah and Madinah once in a lifetime.

48
Q

AREAS 3 - Ethics

A

Akhlaaq is the Arabic word for MORALS and CHARACTERS.

Ethics (Good/Bad Traits) can be INNATE or ACQUIRED by a person throughout their life which affects their behavior.

49
Q

Position of Ethics in Islam

A
  1. Ethics in Islam is related to FAITH
  2. Islam is nothing but good morals
  3. The criterion of goodness is ETHICS
  4. Muslim has to deal nicely of everyone
  5. Exhibit good behavior is a way to please Allah and enter paradise.
50
Q

3 Stages of Islamic Culture

A
  1. Stage of Formation
  2. Stage of Development
  3. Stage of Decline
51
Q

QUR’AN/CREATION: Story of Adam & Eve

A

Qur’an mentions that Humans were made from clay and mud as a special act of creation. But the origin of life in general is WATER.

52
Q

ISLAM: Story of Adam & Eve

A

In Islam, both man and woman are created from the SAME SUBSTANCE.

First Man - Adam
Mate/Woman - Eve (or Hawwa)

They were asked to inhabit Earth as a consequence of their disobedience to God’s order not to eat from the forbidden tree.

53
Q

Purpose of Man’s Creation (ADAM & EVE)

A

Two Duties of Man’s Creation:
1. To recognize God and worship Him
2. To build Civilization based on KNOWLEDGE and VALUES

54
Q

wahi

A

wahi - sent down (revelation)

RESOURCES OF ISLAMIC CULTURE: Allah’s speech sent down to His Messenger Muhammad (PBUH). [Holy Qur’an]

55
Q

Betrothal “khutuba”

A

ENGAGEMENT - To pronounce an engagement to marry

56
Q

Conditions of Marriage Contracts

A
  1. Specifying Bride & Groom
  2. Mutual Consent
  3. Guardianship (Wali)
  4. Witnesses
  5. Both parties should be free from obstacles that might prevent marriage
  6. Suhur
  7. milk realtionship
  8. Faith
57
Q

Pillars of Marriage Contract

A
  1. Wording
  2. Guardian
  3. Witnesses
  4. Eligibility of Bride and Groom
58
Q

Traditional VS Modern Muslim Family

A

TRADITIONAL - Extended family that includes close relatives (especially uncles who act as real fathers for guidance & discipline)

MODERN - Nuclear family (father, mother & children). Economic & social changes brought this type from URBANISM and modernity

59
Q

Family Structure & Role

A

FAMILY STRUCTURE is patriarchal:

FATHER - Chief & provides financial support
MOTHER - handles family’s internal affairs (budget planning & surveillance)

60
Q

Pre-Islamic Era: Children in Families

A

Boys were preferred over Girls, which some may bury daughters alive to escape from embarrassment & shame.

HOWEVER - Holy Qur’an criticized this crime: “and when the buried female infant is asked for what sin did they (Arabs) do this to her?”

61
Q

Treating Wife in Islam

A

Qur’an regards the relationship as SACRED.

Husband must respect her all the time.
Love is sometimes passion, but once it is gone– one must have COMPASSION OR MAWADDAH.

62
Q

Treating Husband in Islam

A

Wife must respect, love, obey, faithful and supportive of her husband.

63
Q

Prophet’s Advice: Avoid 3 Types of Women

A
  1. One that complains
  2. One that always talks about her favors
  3. One that is always homesick
64
Q

Marriage Requirements

A
  1. Consent (Verbal & Written)
  2. MAHR – Bridal-gift (Dowry)
  3. Witnesses
  4. Publicity - Secret marriage is prohibited
65
Q

ijab

A

proposal of marriage

66
Q

qabul

A

acceptance of proposal

67
Q

Wali

A

a male guardian who looks out for the wife’s best interests

68
Q

Expressions of Divorce (TALAQ)

A
  1. Explicit Words: No intention is needed. (I divorce you)
  2. Implicit Words: Intention is needed (you are free)
69
Q

Types of Divorce

A

Unilateral Divorce
Delegated Divorce
Judicial Divorce

70
Q

Unilateral Divorce

A

Husband’s right to initiate divorce by saying “I divorce you” which is followed by waiting period.

First & second divorce attempt are REVOCABLE, but the third attempt is IRREVOCABLE.

71
Q

Delegated Divorce

A

Husband delegates right of divorce to his wife as a CONDITION in marriage contract. This type is initiated by wife as the delegated authority gives her same rights to divorce without losing dowry.

72
Q

Judicial Divorce

A

Wife can file for Divorce in court on the grounds that she was subjected to HARM.

73
Q

Khulu’ خلع

A

Right of woman to seek divorce from her husband for compensation (Usually monetary)

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