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Geography > GCSE P1UC- Physical Landscapes in the UK > Flashcards

GCSE P1UC- Physical Landscapes in the UK Flashcards

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1
Q

How are waves formed?

A

Wind blowing over the sea, causing friction to create ripples that form waves

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2
Q

What is fetch and how does it affect the strength of the wave?

A

The distance the wind has to blow over the water, the lnger the fetch the more powerfull the wave

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3
Q

How are tsunamis formed?

A

when earthquakes or volcanic eruptions shake the seabed

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4
Q

What happens when waves reach the coast?

A

the seabed interupts the circular movement of water. As the water becomes shallower, the corcular motion becomes eliptical. This causes the crest of the wave to rise up and eventually collapse on the beach

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5
Q

Constructive waves

A
  • low wave height
  • Far wave crests
  • Gently sloping wave front
  • Spilling forwards ( strong swash, weak backwash )
  • deposit sediment on beach

gentle beach

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6
Q

Destructive waves

A
  • High wave height
  • Close wave crests
  • steep wave front
  • Plunging downwards ( strong backwash, weak swash)
  • removes sediment on beach

steep beach

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7
Q

What are coasts?

A

Where the land meets the sea

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8
Q

Fetch

A

The distance the wind blows over the water

Longer fetch = more powerfull wave

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9
Q

How do waves form

A

Wind blows over the sea
- Wind against water cause friction causing ripples
- The surface water is pushed in the direction of the wind
- a wave is formed!

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10
Q

How are tsunamis formed?

A

when earthquakes or volcanic eruptions shake the seabed

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11
Q

Why dont waves fully form in the sea?

A

There is little horizontal movement of water when in the sea. Only when waves approach the shors is there forward movement of water as waves break up and surge towards the beach.

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12
Q

What is the first stage of a wave breaking?

A

Circular orbit in open water

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13
Q

What is the second stage of a wave breaking?

A

Friction with the seabed as the wave starts to get into shallower water distorts the circular motion

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14
Q

What is the 3rd stage of a wave breaking?

A

The top of the wave moves faster, creating an icreasingly eliptical orbit.

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15
Q

What is the 4th stage of a wave breaking?

A

The wave begins to break

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16
Q

How does the motion of the wave relate to the depth of the seabed?

A

As the water becomes shallower, the circular motion becomes eliptical

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17
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

(physical weathering)

A

The disintegration of rocks.

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18
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

This weathering is caused by chemical changes. rainwater is slightly acidic and slowly dissolves some rocks

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19
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Weathering due to the actons of flora and fauna. Plant roots grow in cracks in the rocks. Animals such as rabbits burrow into weak rocks such as sands.

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20
Q

D

Describe the process of Freeze-thaw

Mechanical

A
  • Water collects in cracks or pores in the rock.
  • At night the water freezes and expands, making the cracks bigger
  • When the water melts it will seep deeper into theses cracks and repeat this process.
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21
Q

What is Scree?

A

Piles of rock fragments

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22
Q

Describe the process of salt weathering

Mechanical

A

When seawater evaporates it leaves behind salt crystals.
In cracks and holes these salt crystals grow and expand
This puts pressure in the rocks and makes them crack or flake.

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23
Q

Describe the process of carbonation weathering

Chemical

A

Rainwater absorbs CO2 from the air and becomes slightly acidic
Contact with alkaline rocks such as chalk and limestone produces a chemical reaction causing the rocks to slowly dissolve

24
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The downward movement of material under the influence of gravity.

25
Q

What are the main 3 types of mass movement?

A

Sliding
Slumping
Rock falls

26
Q

What is the process of sliding?

A

Large blocks of rock slide down a cliff face as a landslide, often triggered by heavy rain fall or earthquakes

27
Q

What is the process of slumping?

A

Also called slipping, it is the collapse of saturated or weak rocks, often along a curved surface

28
Q

What is the process of rock falls?

A

Fragments of rock breaking away from a cliff face, often resulting from freeze-thaw weathering, to form scree at the cliff foot.

29
Q

What is erosion?

A

The removal or material and the shaping of landforms

30
Q

What are the 3 main processes of erosion?

A

Hydraulic power
Abrasion
Attrition

31
Q

Describe the process of Hydraulic power

A

The power of the waves as they smash into a cliff. Trapped air is forced into holes and cracks in the rock, eventually causing it to break apart. The explosive force of trappe air operating in a crack is called a cavitation.

32
Q

Describe the process of abrasion

A

The “wearing away” of cliffs or rocky platforms by rock carried by the sea. Corrasion is the fragments of rock that are hurled at a cliff by the sea.

33
Q

Describe the process of attrition

A

Rock frgamnets carried by the sea knock against one anothe causing them to become smaller and mroe rounded. It is not responsible for eroding landofrms.

34
Q

What is coastal transportation?

A

The movement of sediment.

35
Q

What are the 4 types of coastal transportation

A

Solution
Suspension
Saltation
Traction

36
Q

Solution

A

The trabnsportation of dissolved chemicals derived from limestone or chalk.

37
Q

Suspension

A

Particles carried ( suspended)

38
Q

Saltation

A

A hopping or bouncing motion of particles to heavy to be suspended

39
Q

traction

A

Large pebbles rolled along the seabed

40
Q

Why does longshore drift happen?

A

If waves approach the beach, the sediment is solely moved up and down the beach. But if the waves approach at an angle, sediment will be moved along the beach.

41
Q

Longshore drift

A

the movement of material along a coast by waves which approach at an angle to the shore but recede directly away from it.

42
Q

Swash

A

Waves carry sediment up the beach

43
Q

Backwash

A

Sediment carried back down the beach as the wave draws back

44
Q

Where does Coastal deposition happen?

A

In areas where the flow of water slows down, waes loose energy in sheltered bays and where water is protected by spits or bars.

45
Q

How does coastal deposition happen?

A

Sediment can no longer be moved in sheltered bays and is therfore depositied

This is why beaches are found in bays, where the wave energy is reduced.

46
Q

Where are mudflats and saltmarshed often found?

A

In sheltered estuaries behind spits where there is little flow of water.

47
Q

COASTAL EROSION

Geological structure

A

The arrangement of rocks and features associated with folding and faulting. faults are lines of weakness easilyn carved out by the sea.

48
Q

Folding

A

The crumpling of rock layers cuased by extreme tectonic pressures

49
Q

Gaulting

Faulting

A

The displacement of rock along a crack

50
Q

COASTAL EROSION

Rock type

(lithology)

A

Some rocks are tougher and more resistant than others. For example, rocks such as granite, limestone and chalk are more resistant to erosion than sand and clay

51
Q

How do headlands and bays normally form?

A

When rocks of different strengths are exposed, the weaker parts of the land get eroded and form bays with beahces. The stronger rock bands do not get eroded and because of nmo shelter, do not get deposition or beahces.

52
Q

How do cliffs erode?

Wave cut notches

A

When waves break against a cliff, the erosion will wear the cliff to form a wave- cut notch. This notch will get deeper and deeper through erosion untill the cliff cannot support itself and collapses.

53
Q

Wave-cut platforms

A

Becuase cliffs will slowly retreat through erosion, they ill leave a wave-cut platform.

54
Q

How do caves form?

A

Energy rom waves wears away the rock along a line of weakness on a headland to form a cave.

55
Q

How do arches form?

A

Over time, erosion may lead to two back-to-back caves breaking throuhg to form an arch.

56
Q

How do stack form?

A

From an arch, gradually the arch is enlarged by erosion at the base by weatheing process acting on the roof.

57
Q
A

Geography (9 decks)

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