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Science > GCSE Chemistry > Flashcards

GCSE Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Fractional Distallation

A

Process which separates chemicals in crude oil into useful fractions

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2
Q

Crude oil

A

A mixture of comparatively volatile liquid hydrocarbons

Contains nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen

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3
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Compound of hydrogen and carbon

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4
Q

Alkaline

A

Having the properties of an alkali or containing alkali

pH greater than 7

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5
Q

name the different fractions from crude oil

A

gasoline

naphtha series

kerosine oil

diesel oil

residual oil

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6
Q

Gasoline

A

Mainly used in vehicle engines

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7
Q

Naptha series

A

to dilute heavy crude oil to reduce its viscosity

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8
Q

Kerosene oil

A

burning in kerosene lamps, domestic heaters, furnaces

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9
Q

Diesel oil

A

any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in a diesel engine

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10
Q

Residual oil

A

used as a fuel for power generators or ships

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11
Q

how to separate crude oil into fractions in a school laboratory

A

Fractional distallation

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12
Q

Fractional distallation process

A

heated crude oil enters a tall fractionating column

vapours from the oil rise through the column

vapours condense when they become cool enough

liquids are led out of the column at different heights

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13
Q

How to classify a hydrocarbon as an alkane

A

Depending on the presence of double carbon bonds

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14
Q

state the names and molecular formula the first four alkanes

A

Methane - CH4

Ethane - C2H6

Propane - C3H8

Butane - C4H10

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15
Q

Composition of first 4 alkanes

A

Methane - CH4

Ethane - CH3 - CH3

Propane - CH3-CH2-CH3

Butane - CH3-2(CH2)-CH3

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16
Q

Describe how the trend in colour, viscosity, flammability and boiling point changes as the length of the hydrocarbon chain changes

How chain length affects

A

Colour - The greater the number of carbon atoms (chain length), the darker in colour that fraction is

Viscosity - increases as the number of carbon atoms (chain length) increases

Flammability - decreases with increasing molecular size

Boiling point - increases as the number of carbon atoms (chain length) increases

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17
Q

describe how the properties of a fraction of crude oil make it appropriate for its use

A

Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into simpler, more useful fractions

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18
Q

How fractional distillation is able to separate crude oil into fractions

A

Different hydrocarbons have different boiling points

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19
Q

classify the classification of a chemical as an alkane

A

Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 can be divided into 3 groups

linear straight-chain alkanes
branched alkanes
cycloalkanes

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20
Q

justify the classification of a chemical as an alkane

A

lack of unsaturation

distinct from other compounds that also contain carbon and hydrogen

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21
Q

explain in detail how fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into fractions

A

First crude oil is heated and most of it evaporates

It enters the fractionating column as a gas

As gas rises up the column the crude oil fractions cool and condense out at different levels, depending on their boiling points

Fractions can be used as fuels

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22
Q

predictions about the properties of crude oil fractions from the fraction’s hydrocarbon chain length

A

Each crude oil fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons

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23
Q

Properties of crude oil

A

density

viscosity

boiling point ranges

24
Q

define complete combustion

A

happens in the presence of a sufficient amount of oxygen

25
Q

Combustion

A

The process of burning something

26
Q

word equation to describe the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

Fuel + O2 → CO2 + H2O

27
Q

word equation to describe the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon.

A

ethane + oxygen → carbon monoxide + carbon + water

28
Q

Why is complete combustion better than incomplete

A

Less soot produced

More heat produced

Carbon monoxide not produced

29
Q

define the process of cracking

A

a reaction when larger saturated hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules

30
Q

generate a word equation to describe cracking

A

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3(g)→C

1 CH3

6 CH2

1 Ch3

31
Q

recognise and give examples of alkenes

A

Methane

propane

ethane

butane

32
Q

how to test for the products of complete combustion

A

First a sample is weighed then burned in a furnace in the presence of excess oxygen

All of the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide, and the hydrogen is converted to water in this way

33
Q

describe a chemical test to show an alkene is present

A

Bromine water is an orange solution of bromine

It becomes colourless when it is shaken with an alkene

34
Q

justify the use of a given fuel over another

A

Diesel has a higher energy density than coal

35
Q

Examples of fuel

A

wood, coal, biogas, LPG, petrol, diesel

36
Q

explain in detail how the production of carbon monoxide in incomplete combustion can be lethal

A

When people are exposed to CO gas, the CO molecules will displace the oxygen in their bodies and lead to poisoning

37
Q

Balanced symbol equations to calculate products in a combustion reaction

A

Fuel + O2 → CO2 + H2O

38
Q

use examples to explain the process of cracking

A

Cracking is used in the petroleum industry to convert heavy, high-molecular weight fuels into lighter, more valuable products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuel

39
Q

Why is cracking so important to the petrochemical industry

A

converts larger hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons, the supply of fuels is improved

40
Q

Similarities between alkenes and alkanes

A

Both are hydrocarbons

Small alkane molecules and small alkene molecules are gases at room temperature

Both are nonpolar molecules

Both insoluble in water

41
Q

Differences between alkanes and alkenes

A

Alkanes contain only single covalent bonds | alkenes have at least 1 double carbon-carbon bond

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons
alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons

Alkanes exhibit lower reactivity than alkenes

42
Q

reaction between bromine water and an alkene

A

Colourless

There is no change when bromine water is mixed with an alkane, but it turns colourless when mixed with an alkene

43
Q

predictions about the properties of crude oil fractions from the fraction’s hydrocarbon chain length

A

Properties will result in smaller chain lengths

44
Q

Formation of crude oil

A

Formed over millions of years from the remains of tiny ancient sea animals and plants

45
Q

Balanced symbol equations for cracking of alkenes

A

| | |
C C C C
| | | |
H H H H

46
Q

Composition of crude oil

A

Complex mixture of hydrocarbons

47
Q

what is meant by the formula
𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛+2

A

Alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon that has Carbon-Carbon and Carbon-Hydrogen atoms that are only connected through single bonds

48
Q

covalent bonds in alkanes

A

single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

49
Q

represent alkanes by their chemical formula/molecular formula, structural or displayed formula

A

CnH2n+2

50
Q

describe the cultural, economic and environmental impact of the oil industry around the world

A

Cultural - composes space and shapes culture

Economic - responsible for 12.3 million jobs at the start of this year

Environmental - damage soils and vegetation directly, and eventually groundwater

51
Q

Environmental impacts of combustion fossil fuels

A

release nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, which contribute to the formation of acid rain

52
Q

stoichiometric calculations for combustion of fuels

A

H2 + ½ [O2 + 3.76N2] → H2O + 1.88N2

53
Q

how to test for unsaturation

A

Dissolve it in 2ml of distilled water

Add bromine water dropwise with constant shaking

The given organic compound is unsaturated if the orange color of Bromine disappears

54
Q

Crude oil renewable or non-renewable

A

Non-renewable

55
Q

Where is crude oil found

A

ROCKS

56
Q

What is molecule made or

A

Atoms joined together

57
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

when there is an insufficient amount of oxygen supply

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