Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > GCSE Chemistry > Flashcards

GCSE Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Fractional Distallation

A

Process which separates chemicals in crude oil into useful fractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Crude oil

A

A mixture of comparatively volatile liquid hydrocarbons

Contains nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Compound of hydrogen and carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Alkaline

A

Having the properties of an alkali or containing alkali

pH greater than 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name the different fractions from crude oil

A

gasoline

naphtha series

kerosine oil

diesel oil

residual oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gasoline

A

Mainly used in vehicle engines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Naptha series

A

to dilute heavy crude oil to reduce its viscosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Kerosene oil

A

burning in kerosene lamps, domestic heaters, furnaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diesel oil

A

any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in a diesel engine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Residual oil

A

used as a fuel for power generators or ships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how to separate crude oil into fractions in a school laboratory

A

Fractional distallation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fractional distallation process

A

heated crude oil enters a tall fractionating column

vapours from the oil rise through the column

vapours condense when they become cool enough

liquids are led out of the column at different heights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to classify a hydrocarbon as an alkane

A

Depending on the presence of double carbon bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

state the names and molecular formula the first four alkanes

A

Methane - CH4

Ethane - C2H6

Propane - C3H8

Butane - C4H10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Composition of first 4 alkanes

A

Methane - CH4

Ethane - CH3 - CH3

Propane - CH3-CH2-CH3

Butane - CH3-2(CH2)-CH3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe how the trend in colour, viscosity, flammability and boiling point changes as the length of the hydrocarbon chain changes

How chain length affects

A

Colour - The greater the number of carbon atoms (chain length), the darker in colour that fraction is

Viscosity - increases as the number of carbon atoms (chain length) increases

Flammability - decreases with increasing molecular size

Boiling point - increases as the number of carbon atoms (chain length) increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe how the properties of a fraction of crude oil make it appropriate for its use

A

Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into simpler, more useful fractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How fractional distillation is able to separate crude oil into fractions

A

Different hydrocarbons have different boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

classify the classification of a chemical as an alkane

A

Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 can be divided into 3 groups

linear straight-chain alkanes
branched alkanes
cycloalkanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

justify the classification of a chemical as an alkane

A

lack of unsaturation

distinct from other compounds that also contain carbon and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

explain in detail how fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into fractions

A

First crude oil is heated and most of it evaporates

It enters the fractionating column as a gas

As gas rises up the column the crude oil fractions cool and condense out at different levels, depending on their boiling points

Fractions can be used as fuels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

predictions about the properties of crude oil fractions from the fraction’s hydrocarbon chain length

A

Each crude oil fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Properties of crude oil

A

density

viscosity

boiling point ranges

24
Q

define complete combustion

A

happens in the presence of a sufficient amount of oxygen

25
Q

Combustion

A

The process of burning something

26
Q

word equation to describe the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

Fuel + O2 → CO2 + H2O

27
Q

word equation to describe the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon.

A

ethane + oxygen → carbon monoxide + carbon + water

28
Q

Why is complete combustion better than incomplete

A

Less soot produced

More heat produced

Carbon monoxide not produced

29
Q

define the process of cracking

A

a reaction when larger saturated hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules

30
Q

generate a word equation to describe cracking

A

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3(g)→C

1 CH3

6 CH2

1 Ch3

31
Q

recognise and give examples of alkenes

A

Methane

propane

ethane

butane

32
Q

how to test for the products of complete combustion

A

First a sample is weighed then burned in a furnace in the presence of excess oxygen

All of the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide, and the hydrogen is converted to water in this way

33
Q

describe a chemical test to show an alkene is present

A

Bromine water is an orange solution of bromine

It becomes colourless when it is shaken with an alkene

34
Q

justify the use of a given fuel over another

A

Diesel has a higher energy density than coal

35
Q

Examples of fuel

A

wood, coal, biogas, LPG, petrol, diesel

36
Q

explain in detail how the production of carbon monoxide in incomplete combustion can be lethal

A

When people are exposed to CO gas, the CO molecules will displace the oxygen in their bodies and lead to poisoning

37
Q

Balanced symbol equations to calculate products in a combustion reaction

A

Fuel + O2 → CO2 + H2O

38
Q

use examples to explain the process of cracking

A

Cracking is used in the petroleum industry to convert heavy, high-molecular weight fuels into lighter, more valuable products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuel

39
Q

Why is cracking so important to the petrochemical industry

A

converts larger hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons, the supply of fuels is improved

40
Q

Similarities between alkenes and alkanes

A

Both are hydrocarbons

Small alkane molecules and small alkene molecules are gases at room temperature

Both are nonpolar molecules

Both insoluble in water

41
Q

Differences between alkanes and alkenes

A

Alkanes contain only single covalent bonds | alkenes have at least 1 double carbon-carbon bond

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons
alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons

Alkanes exhibit lower reactivity than alkenes

42
Q

reaction between bromine water and an alkene

A

Colourless

There is no change when bromine water is mixed with an alkane, but it turns colourless when mixed with an alkene

43
Q

predictions about the properties of crude oil fractions from the fraction’s hydrocarbon chain length

A

Properties will result in smaller chain lengths

44
Q

Formation of crude oil

A

Formed over millions of years from the remains of tiny ancient sea animals and plants

45
Q

Balanced symbol equations for cracking of alkenes

A

| | |
C C C C
| | | |
H H H H

46
Q

Composition of crude oil

A

Complex mixture of hydrocarbons

47
Q

what is meant by the formula
𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛+2

A

Alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon that has Carbon-Carbon and Carbon-Hydrogen atoms that are only connected through single bonds

48
Q

covalent bonds in alkanes

A

single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

49
Q

represent alkanes by their chemical formula/molecular formula, structural or displayed formula

50
Q

describe the cultural, economic and environmental impact of the oil industry around the world

A

Cultural - composes space and shapes culture

Economic - responsible for 12.3 million jobs at the start of this year

Environmental - damage soils and vegetation directly, and eventually groundwater

51
Q

Environmental impacts of combustion fossil fuels

A

release nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, which contribute to the formation of acid rain

52
Q

stoichiometric calculations for combustion of fuels

A

H2 + ½ [O2 + 3.76N2] → H2O + 1.88N2

53
Q

how to test for unsaturation

A

Dissolve it in 2ml of distilled water

Add bromine water dropwise with constant shaking

The given organic compound is unsaturated if the orange color of Bromine disappears

54
Q

Crude oil renewable or non-renewable

A

Non-renewable

55
Q

Where is crude oil found

56
Q

What is molecule made or

A

Atoms joined together

57
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

when there is an insufficient amount of oxygen supply

Science (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions