Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA that codes for a particular trait or characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Allele

A

Different form of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genotype

A

Pair of alleles present for a characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical expression of the alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Homozygous

A

Pair of alleles that produce a characteristic are the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Heterozygous

A

A pair of alleles that produce a characteristic are different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that will always be expressed even when there is only of these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that will only be expressed when both alleles are of this type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 types of variation

A

Genetic variation and environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Variation

A

The difference between individuals of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA (chromosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mitochondria

A

Respiration occurs here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cloning

A

Genetically identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How to clone a sheep

A

Adult sheep taken from sheep 1 that they want to clone

DNA extracted from cell

DNA placed into an embryo

Embryo implanted into a surrogate sheep - sheep 3

The enucleated egg cell and nucleus are then fused

Sheep 3 is then cloned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Embryo

A

Organisms that are genetically recessive to their parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Difference between sexual and asexual reproduction

A

1 parent for asexual

2 needed for sexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Selective breeding

A

When humans Breed organisms with specific genetic characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Altering an organism’s genes to produce an organism with desired characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Advantages for genetic engineering

A

Genetic engineering is quick

Anyone can work on genetic engineering

Easily repeatable

Quicker than selective breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Disadvantages for genetic engineering

A

Higher risk of increasing allergies

Karge number of animals required

Environmental issues

Can be expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

5 steps in breeding an organism

A

1 - decide which characterstic of species is most important

2 - select parents that show high levels of this chracteristic

3 - breed these individuals

4 - select the best offspring and breed again

5 - repeat for many generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Advantages for selective breeding

A

Animals can be selected that cannot cause harm

New varieties may be economically important like producing more or better quality food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Disadvantages for selective breeding

A

Reduces variation within a species

Reducing number of genes by making organisms look more similar each generation

26
Q

Chromosome

A

Strand/piece of DNA

27
Q

What happens when a sperm fertilises an egg

A

Genes from the mother join with genes from the father

28
Q

How do scientists predict what an organism’s offspring will look like

A

By carrying out a genetic cross

29
Q

What do Punnett squares show

A

What happens to alleles in genetic cross

30
Q

Genetically inherited disorder

A

Conditions passed from parents to their offspring in their genes

31
Q

Examples of genetic disorders

A

Cystic, fibrosis, haemophilia, polydactyly

32
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Produces lots of thicky sticky mucus that blocks air passages

33
Q

Carrier

A

A person who has

1 copy of the dominant allele

1 copy of recessive allele

34
Q

What does it mean if someone has a carrier

A

They carry a copy of the allele, but do not have the disorder

35
Q

What do punnet spuares determine

A

The chance of a child inheriting a condition from their parents

36
Q

Polydactyly

A

Disorder that results in a child being born with extra digits on their hands or feet

37
Q

What do different types of dogs suffer from selective breeding

A

Labradors - suffer from hip problems

Pugs - suffer from breeding problems

38
Q

Result of in-breeding

A

Pedigree dogs have lower life expectancy than crossbreeds

39
Q

Why have organisms
Cotton
Corn
Bacteria
Been genetically engineered
What do they produce

A

Cotton - high yields

Corn - toxins that kill insects

Bacteria - medicinal drugs

40
Q

When do organisms display characteristics of foreign genes

A

As the organisms develops

41
Q

What do genetically engineered bacteria produce

A

Vaccines and antibiotics

42
Q

Clone

A

An organism that is genetically identical to its parent and will look identical

43
Q

Plants that reproduce asexually

A

Potato plants

Strawberry plants

Daffodils

44
Q

Advantages of cloning

A

New plants produced quickly

Technique is cheap

All plants genetically identical so will have desired characteristics

45
Q

Main disadvantage for cloning

A

increase risk of disease

46
Q

2 animal cloning techniques

Cell cloning

A

scientists clone human cells in laboratory and use them for research into diseases

47
Q

Beneficial uses of cloning for endangered animals

A

Endangered species could be cloned preventing their extinction

48
Q

DNA

A

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

49
Q

DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

50
Q

Genetic cross chromosomes are male XX and female XY

Parents genotype =

Parents phenotype =

A

Genotype XY XX

Phenotype Male x Female

51
Q

XX - XY how genetic cross would look like

A

X X
__________________
| |
X | XX | XX
| |
Y | XY | XY

52
Q

How would a gardener carry out selective breeding to ensure their roses produced large pink flowers

A

Parents with desired characteristics chosen

Bred together

Offspring with desired characteristics are bred together

Repeated for many generations

53
Q

How is genetic information passed from a parent to a child

A

Genetic information is found in the nucleus of the sperm and the egg. When fertilisation occurs, this information is passed onto the offspring

54
Q

How can insulin be made using geneticslly engineered bacteria

A

Genes that code for the production of insulin inserted into the bacteria

Bacteria now produce insulin

Bacteria multiply many times and produce large quantities of insulin

Bacteria then removed leaving behind the useful insulin

55
Q

How is cutting a plant creating a clone

A

Can cut off part of a plant and then with that part you can grow another plant exactly like that (clone)

56
Q

Name of DNA special structure

A

Double Helix

57
Q

Where is DNA found in the cell

A

Nucleus

Arranged in chromosomes

58
Q

Process genetic engineering

A

Locating an organism with a specific trait and extracting its DNA

Cloning a gene that controls the trait

Designing a gene to express in a specific wa

Transformation, inserting the gene into the cells of a crop plant

Cross the transgene into an elite background

59
Q

What does GMO stand for

A

Genetically modified organism

60
Q

What is a genetically modified organism

A

a plant, animal or microbe in which one or more changes have been made to the genome

61
Q

Simple process of nuclear transfer cloning

A

After removing the oocyte nucleus, the donor cell nucleus is injected or fused with the enucleated oocytes before the reconstructed embryos are activated

62
Q

Tissue culture

A

new skin and cartilage can be grown in a sterile environment

Science (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions