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Embryology > Gastrulation, Folding and Neurulation > Flashcards

Gastrulation, Folding and Neurulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the depression at one end of the embryo?

A

Future mouth

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2
Q

What is the primitive streak important for?

A

Driving gastrulation

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3
Q

How many germ layers does gastrulation give rise to?

A

3

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4
Q

Where is the primitive streak found?

A

Midline at the caudal end of epiblast

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5
Q

What is found at the cranial end of the primitive streak?

A

Primitive pit and node

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6
Q

Describe how 2 germ layers become 3

A

Cells lose attachments with others and migrate to primitive streak and dive down through it, this pushes epiblast and hypoblast apart

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7
Q

What is the endoderm layer made up of?

A

Hypoblast cells and new cells from primitive streak

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8
Q

What is the mesoderm layer made up of?

A

Migrating cells that push original cells apart

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9
Q

What is the ectoderm layer made up of?

A

Original cells/left over cells

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10
Q

What is the hypoblast replaced by?

A

Definitve endoderm

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11
Q

What is the epiblast replaced by?

A

Ectoderm

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12
Q

What layer forms between endoderm and epiblast?

A

Intraembryonic mesoderm

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13
Q

What is the cloacal membrane?

A

Future anus

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14
Q

What cells form the future notochord?

A

Cells that migrte through the node itself

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15
Q

Describe the notochord process

A

Cells migrate throughthe primitive pit form a hollow mdline tube that extends cranially

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16
Q

As the notochord moves down, what does it come into contact with?

A

Endoderm layer

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17
Q

How does the notochord become a solid rod?

A

It loses connection with the endoderm and moves into the mesoderm layer

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18
Q

Where can the notochord diffuse into?

A

Either side of the intermesoderm layer, ectoderm layer or endoderm layer

19
Q

After folding occurs, what happens to the ectoderm?

A

Gives up most of the outer layer of skin and nervous system (which starts at the epidermis of skin then sinks down into body)

20
Q

After folding occurs, what happens to the mesoderm?

A

Divides into 3 distinct groups: paraxial; intermediate; lateral (somatic and visceral)

21
Q

What is the paraxial mesoderm?

A

2 rods either side of the notochord on midline axis

22
Q

What is the lateral mesoderm?

A

Divides into somatic (associated with ectoderm) and visceral (associated with endoderm)

23
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm contribute to?

A

Forms all vertebrae; some parts of brain; sternum; all voluntary muscle (bar head and neck); deeper layer of skin (dorsal midline dermis)

24
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm contribute to?

A

Urogenital systems (ducts of gonads; gonads; kidney; ureter)

25
Q

What does the somatic mesoderm (lateral plate) contribute to?

A

Lining of body wall; most of dermis (bar back); skeletal elements of limbs

26
Q

What does the visceral mesoderm (lateral plate) contribute to?

A

Cardiovascular system (blood vessels and heart); mesotheial covering of organs; smooth muscle of organs

27
Q

What does the endoderm contribute to?

A

Lining of gut tube; lining of respiratory tract; lining of bladder and urethra (cloacal has divided into 2 parts)

28
Q

What are the 2 parts the cloaca divides into?

A

Posteriorly contributes to bladder and urethra; and anteriorly contributes to rectum and naus

29
Q

What surface is the neural plate found on?

A

Dorsal

30
Q

What happens to the primitive streak at the end of week 3?

A

It regresses

31
Q

What cells form neural plate?

A

Cells within ectoderm

32
Q

When ectoderm cells receive a signal from the notochord, what occurs?

A

They begin to differentiate towards a neural lineage

33
Q

How does the nervous system become protected?

A

The tissue needs to come into the body of the embryo; so the neural playe begins to fold in on itself; edges rise up and pull ectoderm witht it

34
Q

During day 20, what is more pronounced?

A

Neural groove/fold

35
Q

What occurs on day 22 of neural tube formation?

A

This is the first point of closure as edges of neural plate fuse and ectoderm fuses over the top

36
Q

What end closes first; cranial or caudal?

A

Cranial

37
Q

What day do the cranial/anterior neuropores close?

A

Day 24-25

38
Q

What day do the caudal/posterior neuropores close?

A

Day 26-28

39
Q

Where are neural crest cells found?

A

Between neural plate and ectoderm (they break and migrate)

40
Q

What ganglia has cells from neural crest?

A

Dorsal root; sympathetic; aortic gangli; ganglia of gut tube

41
Q

What releases hormones derived from neural crest cells?

A

Suprarenal gland

42
Q

What do neural crest migrations give rise to?

A

Non-neural structures (skin pigment cells)

43
Q

What are the neural crest derivatives?

A

Septum outflow of heart; bones of skull; eyes; cranial nerve ganglia; teeth; schwann cells

Embryology (6 decks)

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