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Embryology > Embryology - 1st Lecture > Flashcards

Embryology - 1st Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

A single fertilised egg that fuses 2 nuclei to form a zygote

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2
Q

What period is the first 8 weeks of development known as?

A

Embryonic period

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3
Q

What occurs at the end of week 3?

A

Fertilisation

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4
Q

What occurs between weeks 4 and 8?

A

Embryonic development

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5
Q

What occurs between week 9 and birth?

A

A foetus develops and matures

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6
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The creation of gametes (oocyte and spermatozoa)

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7
Q

What is cleavage?

A

A period of rapid cell division to form the morula and then the blastocyst

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8
Q

Where does cleavage occur?

A

In the coat of the oocyte

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9
Q

What is a morula? (googles definition)

A

16 cells (a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilised ovum, and from which a blastocyst is formed)

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10
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

More than 16 cells; a further development of a morula that implants into uterine wall

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11
Q

How many layers does a blastocyst have?

A

2; one on the inside and one on the outside

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12
Q

Over how many days does the formation of the blastocyst occur?

A

4 days

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13
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The formation of the germ layers

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14
Q

What week of development does gastrulation occur?

A

Week 3

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15
Q

Name the 3 germ layers

A

Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

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16
Q

What else occurs during gastrulation?

A

The body axes are establishes

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17
Q

How does the formation of the body plan come about?

A

Due to embryonic folding (tube-within-a-tube)

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18
Q

What week does the formation of the body plan occur?

A

Week 4

19
Q

What 2 tubes are involved in embryonic folding in establishing the body plan?

A

Gut tube and skin/body wall

20
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

The formation of organs and organ systems

21
Q

Describe what occurs during the foetal period

A

Growth and weight gain; tissues mature and become function; overt sexual differentiation; ossification; connections are made in the CNS

22
Q

Describe early stage abnormalities

A

Easily overcome/very rare as embryo can solve problem early or loss of embryo

23
Q

Describe embryonic stage abnormalities

A

More common as more division occurs so something can be missed

24
Q

Describe foetal stage abnormalities

A

Abnormalities of the function of organs rather than the development of organs

25
Q

List the 4 primary processes (1)

A

Cell division; differentitiation; cell attachment; apoptosis

26
Q

Describe differentiation as a primary process

A

There is specialisation and change in appearance as well as adoption of new functions

27
Q

Describe cell attachment as a primary process

A

Physical/functional linkages are created and there is the formation of tissues

28
Q

Describe apoptosis as a primary process

A

Removes cells that have served their function in a controlled way and interwebbing between cells is removed

29
Q

Name the 2 primary processes (2)

A

Induction; cell migration

30
Q

Describe induction as a primary process

A

The ability of one cell type to cause another to differentiate by responding to a signal depending on where they are

31
Q

Describe cell migration as a primary process

A

Movement of cells from one location to another

32
Q

List the 3 secondary processes

A

Axis formation/polarity; folding/rotation; increase/decrease in mass

33
Q

Describe axis formation/polarity as a secondary process

A

Allows cells to understand where they are relative to the body axis

34
Q

Describe folding/rotation as a secondary process

A

Entire embryo or structures within it fold - important in the folding of the heart

35
Q

Describe increase/decrease in mass as a secondary process

A

Mass either compacts or expands

36
Q

Describe hypertrophy

A

Individual cells get larger resulting in a larger structure

37
Q

Describe hyperplasia

A

Increase in size due to increase in number of cells

38
Q

What does the sperm contribute to the zygote?

A

Only DNA

39
Q

What does the oocyte contribute to the zygote?

A

Cytoplasm, DNA, protein, rRNA

40
Q

What drives development?

A

Maternal rRNA

41
Q

What takes over the regulatory site?

A

The embryo once it begins transcribing its own genes

42
Q

Describe genetic imprinting?

A

During gametogenesis, DNA has a pattern of methylation which means it is packaged in a specific way so certain genes are exposed, depends on maternal or parental contribution to see what genes are exposed

43
Q

How are Angleman Syndrome and Prader-Willi Syndrome different?

A

The same region of chromosome is deleted but they differ depending on whether it is a paternal or maternal chromosome that has been cut

Embryology (6 decks)

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