Gastrointestinal system - Anatomy Flashcards
How much saliva does the salivary glands produce?
1-1.5 a day
What is saliva composed of?
- 4% water
0. 6% electrolytes, buffers, antibodies and enzymes
What large gland produces saliva?
Parotid gland, located in the upper part of the cheeks
What small gland produces mucin?
Sublingual gland, located either side of the mouth, below the tongue
What is mucin?
The viscous component of saliva
What salivary gland is situated on the floor of the mouth, below the lower jaw?
Submandibular gland
How long is the oesophagus?
0.18-0.25m
Where does the oesophagus start and end, in terms of vertebrae and anatomical points?
cricoid cartilage (C6) to cardiosophageal sphincter of the stomach (T10)
What is the upper portion of the oesophagus composed of?
Striated muscle
What is the middle portion of the oesophagus composed of?
Striated and smooth muscle
What is the lower portion of the oesophagus composed of?
Smooth muscle
What nodes do the lymph in the superior third of the oesophagus drain into?
Deep cervical lymph nodes
What nodes do the lymph in the middle third of the oesophagus drain into?
superior and posterior mediastinal nodes
What nodes do the lymph in the lower third of the oesophagus drain into?
Left gastric and celiac nodes
What larger vein does blood from the oesophagus move through?
Azygos vein
What vein does the right azygos vein drain into?
Superior vena cava
What vein does the left azygos vein drain into?
Left brachiocephalic vein
What opening does the oesophagus pass through to reach the stomach?
Oesophageal Hiatus. An opening in the diaphragm
What is the superior part of the stomach, where it meets the oesaphgaus?
Cardia
What is the upper portion of the stomach called?
Fundus
What is the lower portion of the stomach called?
Pylus
What orifice does chyme from the stomach leave through?
Pyloric orifice
How is the alkaline solution used to neutralised the chyme in the duodenum, produced?
Mix of bile produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder and enzymes produced by the pancreas
What is the sphincter of oddi?
A controlled opening in the duodenum, for both the pancreatic and common bile duct
What artery supplies the pancreas?
The splenic artery
What cells are contained within pancreatic islets?
Alpha, beta, exocrine acinus
What are the groups of cells contained within the pancreas?
pancreatic islets
What cells in the pancreas produce and secrete the digestive enzymes?
Acinar cells
What cells in the pancreas produce glucagon?
alpha cells
What cells in the pancreas produce insulin?
beta cells
What veins take blood from the liver?
Hepatic veins split from the inferior vena cava
What arterys supply blood to the liver?
hepatic artery split from the abdominal aorta
What is the portal triad?
triangular shape in the liver composed of three major components: the hepatic artery, the hepatic portal vein and the bile ducts.
How is excess sugars stored?
lipogenesis coverts the excess sugar into fats
What is Glycogenesis?
the process of forming glycogen from glucose
What ligament splits the left and right lobe of the liver?
falciform
What is the first part of the small intestine?
Duodenum
What is the second art of the small intestine?
Jejunum
What is the third part of the small intestine?
ileum
What reflex stimulates motility and secretion of enzymes in the small intestine?
gastroenteric reflex
How does material pass from the small to the large intestine?
The gastroileal reflex causes the opening of the ileocecal valve
What cells aid the motility of the product moving through the large intestine?
Goblet cells which release mucus
