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Physiology > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

0
Q

secretion (n.)

A

release of enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and hormones to aid in digestion

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1
Q

What are the four processes of the GI tract?

A

Digestion, secretion, absorption, and motility

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2
Q

motility (n.)

A

smooth muscle contraction that is necessary to move materials through stomach and intestines

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3
Q

digestion (n.)

A

breakdown and dissolving of large particles into small particles that can be absorbed

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4
Q

absorption (n.)

A

transport of small particles across the epithelial layer of intestine into blood or lymph

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5
Q

What are the three pancreatic enzymes that break peptide bonds in proteins?

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase

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6
Q

What is the function of carboxypeptidase?

A

Splits off terminal amino acid from carboxyl end of protein

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7
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

Splits polysaccharides into glucose and maltose

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8
Q

What are the three disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

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9
Q

What two molecules make up sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

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10
Q

What two molecules make up lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

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11
Q

What two molecules make up maltose?

A

Two glucose molecules

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12
Q

What is the internal environment?

A

Blood and plasma (interstitial fluid)

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13
Q

What is the name of the membrane of intestinal epithelial cells facing the lumen of the intestine?

A

Luminal (brush border) membrane

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14
Q

What is the name of the membrane between intestinal epithelial cells and interstitial fluid (capillaries)?

A

Basolateral membrane

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15
Q

What is the inactive form of pepsin?

A

Pepsinogen

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16
Q

What cells release pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

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17
Q

What do parietal cells release?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

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18
Q

What converts pepsinogen into pepsin?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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19
Q

What two substances first emulsify fat droplets?

A

Bile salts and phospholipids

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20
Q

What do bile salts and phospholipids emulsify fat droplets into?

A

Emulsion droplets

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21
Q

What substances breakdown emulsion droplets?

A

Bile salts and pancreatic lipase

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22
Q

What are emulsion droplets further emulsified into?

A

Micelles

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23
Q

Why are fat droplets broken down so much only to be partial reformed?

A

To allow for rapid diffusion into epithelial cells

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24
Q

Fatty acids are added to triglycerides inside epithelial cells, packaged as _______, and are secreted into the blood.

A

chylomicrons

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25
Q

What cellular structure adds fatty acids to triglycerides inside epithelial cells of villi?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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26
Q

What activates trypsinogen?

A

Membrane-bound enterokinase

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27
Q

What is the activated form of trypsinogen?

A

Trypsin

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28
Q

What’s the volume of the stomach when empty?

A

50 mL

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29
Q

What is the volume of the stomach when full?

A

1.5 L

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30
Q

What’s the rate of peristaltic waves in the stomach?

A

~3 waves/min

31
Q

What small intestine structure prevents retrograde movement of material into the stomach?

A

Pyloric valve

32
Q

Where is gastrin produced?

A

Antrum of the stomach

33
Q

Where is CCK produced?

A

Small intestine

34
Q

Where is secretin produced?

A

Small intestine

35
Q

What are the stimuli for gastrin release?

A

Amino acids and peptides in the stomach; parasympathetic nerves

36
Q

What is the stimulus for CCK release?

A

Amino acids and fatty acids in small intestine

37
Q

What is the stimulus for secretin release?

A

Acid in the small intestine

38
Q

What are the factors inhibiting gastrin release?

A

Acid in the stomach; somatostatin

39
Q

Which hormones stimulate acid secretion in the stomach?

A

Gastrin

40
Q

Which hormones inhibit acid secretion in the stomach?

A

CCK and secretin

41
Q

What effect does gastrin have on stomach acid secretion?

A

Stimulatory

42
Q

What effect does CCK have on stomach acid secretion?

A

Inhibitory

43
Q

What effect does secretin have on stomach acid secretion?

A

Inhibitory

44
Q

Which hormones stimulate stomach motility?

A

Gastrin

45
Q

Which hormones inhibit stomach motility?

A

CCK and secretin

46
Q

What effect does gastrin have on stomach motility?

A

Stimulatory

47
Q

What effect does CCK have on stomach motility?

A

Inhibitory

48
Q

What effect does secretin have on stomach motility?

A

Inhibitory

49
Q

Which hormone stimulates stomach growth?

A

Gastrin

50
Q

What effect does gastrin have on stomach growth?

A

Stimulatory

51
Q

What effect does CCK have on bicarbonate secretion in the pancreas?

A

Potentiates secretin’s actions

52
Q

What effect does secretin have on bicarbonate secretion in the pancreas?

A

Stimulatory

53
Q

What effect does CCK have on enzyme secretion in the pancreas?

A

Stimulatory

54
Q

What effect does secretin have on enzyme secretion in the pancreas?

A

Potentiates CCK’s action

55
Q

Which hormones stimulate growth of the exocrine pancreas?

A

Gastrin, CCK, and secretin

56
Q

What affect does CCK have on bicarbonate secretion in the liver?

A

Potentiates secretin’s action

57
Q

What effect does secretin have on bicarbonate secretion in the liver?

A

Stimulatory

58
Q

Which hormone stimulates gallbladder contraction?

A

CCK

59
Q

Which organs secret bicarbonate?

A

Pancreas and liver

60
Q

What pancreatic enzyme digests triglycerides into free fatty acids and a monoglyceride?

A

Lipase

61
Q

The enteric nerves in the GI wall synapse with other autonomic neurons. (T/F)

A

True

62
Q

Glucose is transported across the basolateral membrane of the small intestine by facilitated diffusion. (T/F)

A

True.

63
Q

What enzymes break down carbohydrates/starch?

A

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and brush border enzymes

64
Q

What monomer are carbohydrates/starches broken down into?

A

Monosaccharides

65
Q

Where are monosaccharides absorbed?

A

Luminal epithelial membrane of small intestine

66
Q

What are the three monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

67
Q

What two enzymes begin protein digestion?

A

HCl and pepsin

68
Q

What proteases are created in the pancreas?

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase

69
Q

What protease is secreted by small intestine glands?

A

Aminopeptidase

70
Q

What is the inactive form of trypsin, and what activates it?

A

Trypsinogen, activated by membrane-bound enterokinase (enteropeptidase)

71
Q

What is the inactive form of chymotrypsin?

A

Chymotrypsinogen

72
Q

What is the inactive form of carboxypeptidase, and what activates it?

A

Procarboxypeptidase, activated by membrane-bound enterokinase (enteropeptidase)

73
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

75
Q

What layers make up the mucosa?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa

Physiology (9 decks)

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