Chapter 01: Homeostasis

Question 0

What type of tissue is extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Answer 0

Connective tissue

Question 1

What are the four types of tissue?

Answer 1

Muscular, nervous, connective, and epithelial

Question 2

basement membrane (n.)

Answer 2

extracellular protein layer that anchors epithelial cells and tissue

Question 3

What are the two types of connective fibers?

Answer 3

Collagen and elastin

Question 4

What are the two components of extracellular fluid?

Answer 4

Plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 5

homeostasis (n.)

Answer 5

the process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite a changing environment

Question 6

dynamic equilibrium (n.)

Answer 6

a balance that occurs when two reversible (and opposing) processes occur at the same rate

Question 7

reflex (n.)

Answer 7

a control system linking a stimulus with a response that is mediated by a reflex arc

Question 8

reflex arc (n.)

Answer 8

the neural or hormonal components that mediate a reflex

Question 9

What are the components of a reflex arc?

Answer 9

Receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector

Question 10

What are the two major negative feedback effectors?

Answer 10

Muscles and endocrine glands

Question 11

If energy is require to maintain a dynamic equilibrium, it is called a(n) __________.

Answer 11

steady state

Question 12

set point (n.)

Answer 12

the steady state target for physiological variables

Question 13

positive feedback loop (n.)

Answer 13

an “explosive” system in which the effectors increases the magnitude of the original change

Question 14

feed-forward reflex (n.)

Answer 14

a reflex arc that uses stimuli to anticipate a change in a physiological variable

Question 15

adaptation (n.)

Answer 15

a characteristic that favors survival in certain environments

Question 16

acclimatization (n.)

Answer 16

an improvement in the functioning of an existing homeostatic system

Question 17

hormone (n.)

Answer 17

chemical messenger secreted in the blood by endocrine cells

Question 18

pool (n.)

Answer 18

the amount of a substance readily available in the body

Question 19

positive balance (n.)

Answer 19

the rate of gain of a substance exceeds rate of loss

Question 20

negative balance (n.)

Answer 20

the rate of loss of a substance exceeds the rate of gain

Question 21

paracrine substance (n.)

Answer 21

chemical messenger secreted into the extracellular matrix that diffuses to nearby cells

Question 22

autocrine substance (n.)

Answer 22

chemical messenger secreted into the extracellular matrix that acts upon the cell that secreted it

Question 23

Where is the principal pacemaker for body rhythms located?

Answer 23

Hypothalamus

Question 24

Which neurons comprise the primary pacemaker?

Answer 24

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 25

physiological acclimatization (n.)

Answer 25

environmentally induced improvement in the functioning of a physiological system with no change in the composition of the genome