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Pharmocology II > GastroIntestinal III > Flashcards

GastroIntestinal III Flashcards

1
Q

What is a laxative? What is another name for them

A

Excretion of soft but formed stool

Aperients

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2
Q

What are cathartics? What is another name for them

A

Produces a more fluid evacuation.

Purgatives

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3
Q

Cathartics enhance transit of intestinal contents by cathartics due to….? (2)

A

Stimulation of local intrinsic myenteric reflexes within visceral sm m

Stimulation of cholinergic receptors of the extrinsic parasympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

What are the 5 classifications of laxative and cathartics?

A

Emollient lax
Bulk-forming lax

Saline purgs
Irritant cath
Neuromuscular purgs

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5
Q

3 characteristics of Emollient laxatives?

A

Acts unchanged

not absorbed

softens and lubricates the fecal mass which leads to defecation

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6
Q

What are the 3 emollient laxatives?

A

Mineral oil

Docusate sodium

White soft paraffin

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7
Q

What is the clinical use for White soft paraffin?

A

Hair ball removal in cats.

Cat-Lax

can also be used as a preventative

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8
Q

How does docusate sodium work?

A

It is an anion surface active agent

aka, reduces surface tension

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9
Q

When would you use docusate sodium?

A

Constipation of small animals

Colon impaction in horses

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10
Q

What else is docusate sodium used for?

A

Ear wax removal–Waxsol

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11
Q

how long does it take for maximal fecal softening when using docusate sodium?

A

3 days

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12
Q

What is a commonly used laxative?

A

Mineral oil

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13
Q

What two emollient laxatives can you not use together? why?

A

Mineral oil and docusate sodium.

Docusate will emulsify the mineral oil which will lead to absorption of oil!!!

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14
Q

What will happen if you accidentally administer mineral oil into the trachea?

A

Lipid pneumonitis

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15
Q

What laxative will interfere with the healing of wound in the ano-rectal region through leakage?

A

mineral oil

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16
Q

What kind of side effects should you think about when using mineral oil chronically?

A

may impair absorption of fat soluble vitamins, other nutrients, and co-admin of drugs

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17
Q

What can happen to the intestinal wall and liver when using mineral oil?

A

granulomatous lesions

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18
Q

What are your Bulk Forming Laxatives?

A 
Methycellulose
Carboxymethylcellulos sodium
Plantago seed
Bran
Psyllium granules/powder
19
Q

MOA of bulk forming lax

A

Hydrophillic so they ABSORB water and swell to form an emollient gel.
This increases bulk in the small intestine and colon causing distention which will stimulate peristaltic activity

20
Q

How long does it take for bulk forming laxatives to kick in?

A

12-24 hrs

maximal effect occurs on day 2-3 of tx

21
Q

What are the different ways you can use Bran/wheat fibre?

A

Powder

Unprocessed to food

Mash-mainly for horses

22
Q

What is used for the tx of impactions caused by ingestion of sand?

A

Psyllium granules/powder

23
Q

How do saline purgatives work?

A

Retains or attracts water into the intestinal lumen by osmotic forces

24
Q

What do you want to remember when using saline purgatives?

A

Make sure the animal has plenty of water!!

25
Q

When would you NOT want to use saline purgs?

A

In a dehydrated animal

26
Q

How long does it take for saline purgs to work? Monogastric vs ruminants

A

Mono: 3-12 hrs

Rum: after 18 hrs

27
Q

What are the 5 types of saline purgatives?

A

Magnesium sulphate (Epsom salt)

Sodium sulphate

Milk of magnesia

Hypertonic solutions

Lactulose

28
Q

How is Magnesium sulphate used and on who?

A

Increases CCK release-this increases peristalsis

Cows

29
Q

What animal is sodium sulphate used in?

A

Horses

30
Q

When should you not use milk of magnesia on an animal?

A

impaired renal function

absorbed magnesium ions will produce toxicity

31
Q

What are examples of hypertonic solutions?

A

Sugar alcohols

Mannitol and Sorbitol

32
Q

Where does Lactulose work in the body?

A

Large Intestine

33
Q

MOA for lactulose

A

Microflora ferments lactulose to acetic/lactic/other organic acids.

This lowers the pH of colonic contents which exerts and osmotic effect.

The attracted water will soften the fecal mass and improves peristalsis

34
Q

What disease can you use lactulose for?

A

Hepatic encephalopathy

35
Q

What are your two stimulant cathartics?

A

Castor oil

Anthraquinones

36
Q

MOA for Castor Oil

A

The oil is hydrolized by pancreatic lipases to glycerol and ricinoleic acid

This is an irritant cathartic.

It reduces the net absorption of fluid and electrolytes and stimulates intestinal peristalsis

1-2 sm an
after 12 lg an

37
Q

MOA for anthraquinones

A

Undergoes hydrolysis by bacterial enzymes in the LI to release aglycones, this is a plant toxicity

This stimulate myenteric plexus

6-12 hrs Sm An
12-36 in Lg An

38
Q

What happens to horses when repeating doses of anthraquinones?

A

Superpurgation

39
Q

In what scenario should you think about when antraquinones?

A

Nursing animals

Can be excreted through milk

40
Q

What are your Neuromuscular purgs?

A

Cholinergic agents (neostigmine, physostigmine, bethanecol, carbachol)

Vasopression
Oxytocin
PGF2a
PG analogs

41
Q

How does cholinergic agents cause defacation?

A

Increases GIT motility

42
Q

When should you not use cholinergic agents for GI motility?

A

mechanical obstructions

43
Q

How do vasopressons, oxytocin, pgf2a, and pg analogs work for defecation?

A

Stimulates visceral sm m contractions

Pharmocology II (6 decks)

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