Gastrointestinal and Heptaobiliary Flashcards
1
Q
What is indigestion (dyspepsia)?
A
Complaints after eating that include: fullness, belching, bloating, gas
2
Q
What is the action of indigestion?
A
bitters, carminatives
3
Q
What are herbs for indigestion?
A
Digestive Enzymes: papaya, pineapple
Bitters: yellow gentian, wormwood
Carminatives: chamomile, peppermint, ginger
4
Q
What are actions and indications of digestive enzymes?
A
supplementary enzymes that help digest proteins, digestive, indigestion
5
Q
What are herbs that are digestive enzymes?
A
papaya, pineapple
6
Q
What are bitter tonics?
A
Stimulate appetite, promotes digestion and tonifies the digestive tract
7
Q
What are the actions of bitter tonic?
A
stomachic, cholagogue, choleretic, hepatic
8
Q
What are indications for bitter tonics?
A
indigestion (dyspepsia), atonic stomach, poor appetite (anorexia), hypochlorhydria
9
Q
What are bitter tonic herbs?
A
Yellow gentian, quinine tree, greater celandine, boldo, goldenseal, barberry, chicory, dandelion, milk thistle, burdock root
10
Q
What is stomachic?
A
tones the stomach and helps support digestion (use bitter herbs)
11
Q
What are indications for stomachic
A
indigestion, hypochlorhydria
12
Q
What are choloretic?
A
increases the production and release of bile from the liver (use bitter herbs)
13
Q
What are indications of choloretic?
A
indigestion, cholestasis, gall bladder, sludge, gallstones, detoxification
14
Q
What are cholagogue?
A
stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and the expulsion of bile (bitter herbs)
15
Q
What are the indications of cholagogues?
A
indigestion, cholestasis, gall bladder sludge, gallstones, detoxification
16
Q
What are the actions of yellow gentian?
A
bitter (stomachic, hepatic, cholagogue, choleretic, sialogogue) (Caution: pregnancy and lactation)
17
Q
What are the indications of yellow gentian?
A
digestive complaints, dyspepsia, hypochlorhydria, gallstones
18
Q
What is colic?
A
cramping pain that results from smotth muscle spasms (eg. biliary colic, intestinal colic, renal colic)
19
Q
What is the action of colic?
A
carminative, antispasmotic
20
Q
What are the herbs for colic?
A
Gripe water - contains many carminative herbs
21
Q
What are carminatives?
A
promote digestion and relieves gas and bloating
22
Q
What are indications for carminatives?
A
indigestion, colic, flatulence
23
Q
What are the herbs from carminatives?
A
peppermint, lemon balm
24
Q
What are the actions of pepper,int (mentha piperita)?
A
carminative, antispasmodic, antiemetic
25
What are the indications for peppermint?
indigestion, bloating and gas, flatulence, colic, irritible bowel syndrome (IBS), nausea, motion sickness
26
What are the bitters - aromatic?
taste less bitter than pure bitter have less tonic effect but the presence of essential oils (ie. carminatives) increases the local effects
27
What are the actions of the bitter aromatics?
bitter (stomachic, hepatic, cholagogue, choleretic, sialogogue,), carminative
28
What are indications of bitter aromatics?
atonic stomach conditions (ie. indigestion, annorhexia, hypochlorhydria, dyspepsia), colic, gall bladder complaints
29
What are herbs that are bitter aromatics?
garden angelica, wormwood
30
What is the action of garden angelica?
aromatic bitter, carminative, antispasmodic
31
What are the indications of garden angelica?
digestive complaints, colic, bloating and gas
32
Garden Angelica what are cautions?
furanocoumarins - photosensitization - similar to giant hogweed and grapefruit
33
What are the actions for wormwood?
bitter, carminative, antispasmotic Caution: with pregnancy, counter indication abortifacient
34
What are the indications for wormwood?
gallbladder disease, digestive complaints
35
What are gallstones?
stones made of cholesterol and/or billibrubin found in the gallbladder, usually caused by choelstasis and/or infection
36
What are the actions of gallstones?
antilithic, bitters, cholagogue, cholorectic, antispasmodics
37
What are the herbs for gallstones?
boldo, greater celandine, barberry, peppermint
38
What is an antilithic?
prevents and aids the expulsion of liths from the body
39
What are indications and herbs for antilithics?
gallstones, kidney stones - boldo (herb)
40
What are actions of Boldo (Peumus boldus)
antilithic, bitter, carminative
41
What are the indications for boldo?
gallstones, poor gall bladder function, indigestion
42
What are the cautions of boldo?
contra-indicated during pregnancy
43
What are the antispasmodic (spasmolytic)?
prevents and relieves spasms and cramping of smooth muscles
44
What are the indications of antispasmodics?
greater celandine, deadly nightshade, opium poppy
45
Are antispasmodic appropriate for constipation?
belladonna and opium are not...because they suppress peristalisis
46
What are the actions of Greater Celandine (Chelidonium Majus)?
antispasmodic, bitter, stomachic, hepatic, cholagogue, choleretic
47
What are the indications for greater celandine?
gallbladder spasm, biliary dyskinesia, gallstones, indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (Caution during pregnancy)
48
What are the actions of nausea and vomitting?
antiemetic and carminative
49
What are herbs for nausea and vomitting?
ginger, german chamomile, peppermint
50
What are antiemetics?
relieves nausea and vomiting
51
What are indications of antiemetics?
nausea and vomitting, morning sickness, sea sickness, side-effects of medications (ie. chemotherapy)
52
What are antiemetic herbs?
ginger, peppermint (ginger safe during pregnancy)
53
What are the actions of ginger (Zingiber Officinale)?
antiemetic, pungent bitter, carminative, antispasmodic, antiinflammatory
54
What are the indications of ginger?
nausea, morning sickness, motion sickness, side-effects of chemotherapy, indigestion
55
What is dry mouth?
due to lack of saliva, hypofunctioning of salivary glands, side effects of certain medications
56
What are actions of dry mouth?
silagogue, bitter, parasympathomimetic
57
What are herbs for dry mouth?
yellow gentian, ginger, cayenne
58
What is a silagogue?
stimulates salivation
59
What are indications for silagogue?
indigestion
60
what are herbs for silagogue?
yellow gentian, ginger, cayenne
61
What is the action of heart burn?
demulcent, vulnerary, bitters (controversial)
62
What are herbs for heart burn?
demulcents: licorice, marshmallow, slippery elm
Bitter: yellow gentian
Antiulcerogenic: meadowsweet
63
What are demulcents?
soothes irritated mucous membranes
64
What are indications of demulcents?
heartburn, esophagitis, gastritis, colitis, bronchitis, cystitis
65
What are herbs that are demulcents?
marshmallow, licorice, slippery elm, ground flax, oatmeal
66
What are the actions of marshmallow?
demulcent, expectorant, emollient
67
What are indications of marshmallow?
heartburn, gastritis, gastric and peptic ulcer
68
What are the actions of Licorice?
antiulcerogenic, demulcent
69
What are the indications?
gastric and peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) - DGL has glycyrrhizin removed can be used with hypertension - regular glyzyrrhizin causes elevated Blood Pressure
70
What is gastritis and gastric ulcer?
inflammation of the lining of the stomach that may result in ulcer formation (bloating, burping, loss of appetite, black tarry stool, abdominal pain)
71
What are the actions of gastritis and gastric ulcer?
demulcent, antimicrobials, antiulcer, antacid, antiulcerogenic, vulnerary, astringent, antispasmotic
72
What herbs are helpful for gastritis and gastic ulcer?
licorice, marshmallow, meadowsweet, chamomile, goldenseal (bitters may aggrevate, demulcents can reduce aggrevation)
73
What are antiulcerogenic?
decreases formation and speeds up the healling of ulcers
74
What are actions of antiulcerogenics?
astringent, vulnerary, antacid
75
What are the indications of antiulcerogenics?
gastric ulcer, peptic ulcer
76
What are herbs for antiulcerogenics?
licorice, meadowsweet, german chamomile
77
What are actions of meadowsweet?
stomachic, antacid, antiulcerogenic, antiinflammatory
78
What are indications of meadowsweet
gastic ulcer, gastritis, gastric esophageal reflux disease, hyperchlorhydria (caution during pregnancy and lactation and with salycylic sensitivity)
79
What are actions of Crane's bill (geranium Maculatum)?
astringent, styptic
80
What are indications of crane's bill?
ulcers, diarrhea, lacerations
81
What are vulnerary internal?
speeds up healing of wounds
82
What are indications of vulnerary?
gastric ulcers, mouth ulcers, esophagitis (heart burn)
83
What are herbs for vulnerary?
chamomile, marigold, greater plantain (do not use arnica or comfrey internally)
84
What are actions of chamomile?
vulnerary, carminative, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antiemetic, antispasmotic
85
What are the indications of chamomile
gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, colic, flatulence, nausea, motion sickness
86
What is acute poisoning?
ingestion of toxic substances that can cause serious harm: drug overdose, and food poisoning
87
What are the actions of acute poisoning?
emetic, stimulating laxative
88
What are the herbs that help acute poisoning?
ipecac, indian tobacco, castor oil
89
What are emetics?
induces vomitting
90
What are indications for emetics?
poisoning, detoxification, certain infections
91
what are herbs used as emetics?
ipecac, indian tobacco
92
what are ipecac actions?
emetic, antimicrobial
93
what are the indication for emetics
overdoses, and poisoning (drugs, food) (Caution during pregnancy)
94
What is a toxic liver?
liver becomes overburdened with toxins. Symptoms include nausea, fatigue, poor mental function, skin problems, sensitivity to drugs
95
What are actions of toxic liver?
alteratives, cholagogoue and cholorectic, hepatoprotective, laxatives, diuretics
96
What are the herbs for toxic liver?
milk, chicory, dandelion, psyllium husk, yellow dock, garlic, cruciferous vegetables
97
What is hepatic
aids in liver function (most bitter herbs are hepatics)
98
What are actions of hepatic
bitters, cholagogoue, cholorectic, hepatoprotective
99
What are the indications of hepatic
detoxifications, liver disease, hepatic torpor (lazy liver)
100
What are herbs that are hepatic
dandelion, barberry, chickory
101
What are indications of dandelion?
bitter: indigestion, gallstones, detox
102
what are indications of chicory?
bitter: indigestion, gallstones, detox
103
what are hepatitis?
inflammation of liver -- infection, drugs, herbs, toxins, alcohol, fatty liver disease
104
what are actions of hepatitis?
hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, cholagogoue, cholorectic, antimicrobial
105
what are the herbs of hepatitis?
milk thistle
106
What are hepatoprotective?
directly and/or indirectly helps protect the liver
107
What are the actions of hepatoprotective?
antioxidant, antiinflammatory
108
What are the indications of hepatoprotective?
general detoxification, hepatitis, adverse drug reactions, mushroom poisioning
109
What are herbs for hepatoprotective?
milk thistle, ginseng, turmeric
110
What are the actions of milk thistle
hepatoprotective, bitter
111
What are indications of milk thistle
hepatitis, toxic liver disease, mushroom poisoning, skin conditions
112
What are heptatoxic
damages the liver and may cause hepatitis or liver cancer
113
what are the herbs for hepatotoxicity
black cohosh, greater celandine, comfrey
114
what is a p450 inhibitor
inhibits phase 1 detoxification enzumes, which can result in a decrease in the clearance of certain substances (ie increases drug effects)
115
what is a p450 inhibitor herb?
grapefruit juice (furanocoumarins)
116
what is a p450 inducer?
increases activity of p450 enzyme which can result in faster clearance of some substances and/or formation of toxic intermediate products
117
what is herbs for p450?
st. john's wort, cruciferous vegetables (indole-3-carbinol)
118
what are phase 2 inducers?
induce the phase 2 enzymes and supply them with substrates for conjugation
119
what are phase 2 inducers herbs
garlic, cruciferous vegetables, milk thistle
120
What are actions of constipation?
bulk laxative, stimulating laxative, carminative
121
what are herbs for constipation?
ground flax, psyllium husk, senna, peppermint, lemon balm
122
What are laxatives: stimulating?
promotes bowel movements by causing influx of water into the lumen and stimulating peristalsis
123
What are the actions of laxative
increase influx of fluid to the lumen, increase peristalsis
124
what are herbs for constipation?
aloe, senna, castor oil
125
what are prebiotics?
a substance for increasing the growth of good bacteria in the gut
126
what are the actions of prebiotic
immunomodulator, laxative
127
what are indications for prebiotics
dysbiosis, poor immune function, constipation, diarrhea, leaky gut
128
what are herbs for prebiotics
chickory root, burdock root, dandelion root, oatmeal
129
What are actions of diaherrea
bulk laxatives, astringent, antispasmotic, carminatives, antimicrobial
130
what are herbs for diarrhea
slippery elm, psyllium husk, marshmallow root, green bananas, crane's bill, oak, bilberry, goldenseal, peppermint
131
what are actions of bilberry?
astringent, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant
132
what are indications of bilberry
infantile diarrhea
133
what are actions of IBS
carminatives, bitters, bulk laxative, antimicrobials
134
what are herbs for IBS
lemon balm, chelidonium, peppermint, psyllium husk, ground flax
135
what are actions of lemon balm (melissa)
carminative, antispasmodic, nervine
136
what are indications for lemon balm
nervous stomach, IBS, dyspepsia, bloating, flatulence, colic
137
what are actions of IBD
antiinflammatory, carminative, bitters, antimicrobials
138
what are herbs for IBD
tumeric, ginger, wormwood
