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BIOM1052 > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Ingestion

A

Acquisition of nutrients

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2
Q

Digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of ingested food

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3
Q

Propulsion

A

Movement of food through GI tract (peristalsis and segmentation)

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4
Q

Secretion

A

Release of mucin, water, acid, and enzymes into the lumen of the digestive system

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5
Q

Absorption

A

Transport of nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory system

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6
Q

Defecation

A

Elimination of feces

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7
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

Lines inner surface of body wall; is attatched to abdominal and pelvic walls; secretes peritoneal fluid and stores fat

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8
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

Wrapped around the organs within the Intraperitoneal space

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9
Q

Mesenteries

A

Folds of peritoneum that support the intraperitoneal GI tract organs; contains vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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10
Q

Intraperitoneal Organs

A

Organs suspended into the peritoneal cavity that are movable and contain mesenteries

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11
Q

Retroperitoneal Organs

A

Organs not suspended into the peritoneal cavity that are immobile and lack mesenteries

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12
Q

Hepatic Portal System

A

A network of veins that carries blood from the GI trct and spleen to the liver

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13
Q

Esophagus

A

Hollow 25cm muscular tube connecting the pharynx tto the stomach

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14
Q

Liver

A

Removes and adds compounds to the blood as it circulates through the lobule

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15
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • Concentrates bile produced by the liver - absorbs Na+ and Cl- and water by osmosis
  • Stores up to 450mL of bile (12hrs worth)
  • Releases bile upon stimulation (PNS & CCK)
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16
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces hormones and enzymes

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17
Q

Epithelial cells sense the contents of the GI lumen via,

A
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Osmoreceptors
  • Stretch receptors
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18
Q

Steps of Swallowing

A
  1. Bolus in mouth and upper esophageal sphincter is closed
  2. Glottis moves upward and closes and Epiglottis moves dowward and covers glottis
  3. Upper esophageal sphincter opens
  4. Wave of peristalsis travels along esophagus and upper esophageal sphincter closes
  5. Lower esophageal sphincter opens
  6. Secondary wave of peristalsis in esophagus.
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19
Q

Coordination of Muscular Contractions in Peristalsis

A
  1. Contraction of circular muscles behind food mass
  2. Contraction of longitudinal muscles ahead of food mass
  3. Contraction of circular muscle layer forces food mass forward.
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20
Q

Frequency and Amplitude of Peristalsis

A

Regulated by:

  • Body temp and metabolic activity
  • ENS and ANS
  • Hormones eg. CCK
21
Q

ENS

A
  • Intrinsic

- Extrinsic

22
Q

ANS

A
  • Parasympathetic

- Sympathetic

23
Q

Phases of Digestion

A
  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
24
Q

Cephalic Phase

A

Prepares stomach for food:

  • Short (min)
  • Mechanism: neural
  • Actions: stimulation of mucus, enzyme and acid production –> increased volume of gastric juice
25
Q

Gastric Phase

A

Stomach acts on food:

  • Long (3-4hrs)
  • Mechanisms: Neural, hormonal, local
  • Actions: Chemical and mechanical digestion
26
Q

Stomach

A
  • Mechanical digestion and mixing of Proteins (HCl, Pepsinogen) and Fats (Gastric lipase)
  • Storage 50mL-1.5L
  • No absorbtion (except aspirin and alcohol)
27
Q

Layers of Stomach Muscularis Externa

A
  1. Inner oblique
  2. Middle circular
  3. Outer longitudinal
28
Q

Regions of Small Intestine

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
29
Q

Small Intestine

A

The longest component of the GIT, Begins at pyloric sphincter and ends at ileocecal valve
Function:
- Digestion
- Absorbtion

30
Q

Duodenum

A

‘C’ shaped tube

  • Mixing bowl
  • Chyme with bile and pancreatic secretions
  • Longitudinal and circular smooth muscle
  • Mucous membrane lining to buffer stomach acid
31
Q

Secretions in Duodenum

A

Secretin and CCK control:

  • Gastric emptying
  • Accessory organs (Pancreas, gallbladder, liver)
32
Q

Exocrine Pancreas Contains…

A
  • Digestive enzymes
  • Digestive enzymes as zymogens (inactive)
  • Lipases and bile salts are pH sensitive
33
Q

Digestive Enzymes

A
  • Proteolytic enzymes
  • Pancreatic lipase
  • Pancreatic amylase
34
Q

Digestive Enzymes as Zymogens (Inactive)

A
  • Trypsinogen is activated by enteropeptidase

- Trypsin then activates other symogens

35
Q

Lipases and bile salts are PH sensitive

A
  • CF (Insufficient alkali)
  • Gastrinomas (Excess acid production)
  • Staeterrhea = fatty stools
36
Q

Hepatic Portal System

A
  • Liver recieaves all blood that passes through the stomach and intestines
  • Metabolising gatekeeper (liver detox fads)
  • Nutrient rich and oxygen poor
37
Q

Detailed Functions of the Liver

A
  • Metabolism of: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
  • Storage of vitamins and minerals
  • Processing of drugs and hormones
  • Phagocytosis of RBC, WBC and bacteria
  • Makes bile
38
Q

Bile Acids

A

Synthesised from cholesterol

39
Q

Bile Contents

A
  • Bile acids
  • Water
  • Ions
  • Cholesterol
  • Phospholipids
  • Bilirubin
40
Q

Gallstones

A

Crystallisation of bile

41
Q

Jejunum and Ileum

A

Primary sites of absorption

42
Q

Absorption of Electrolytes With Monosaccharides and Amino Acids

A
  • All uses secondary active transport
  • Nutrient absorption matched by Na+ absorption
  • Matched to water absorption via osmosis
43
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • Extends from ileocecal sphincter to anus

- Tonic contraction of longitudinal muscles form pouches

44
Q

4 Divisions of Large Intestine

A
  1. Caecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
  4. Anal canal
45
Q

Colon Physiology

A
  • Storage
  • Absorption of water and electrolytes
  • Gablet cells (Mucous lubricate faeces and secrete HCO3)
  • Bacteria ferment undigested carbohydrates and produce acid
46
Q

Bacteria Support Immune and Antioxidant Functions

A
  • > 700 species in large intestine
  • Bacterial gas = N2, CO2, CH4, H2, H2S
  • approx. 30% faecal mass is bacteria
47
Q

Colon Motility

A
  • Low Frequency segmentation (mixing)

- Mass movements - contraction wave toward distal colon

48
Q

Defacation Reflex

A
  • Mass movements (faecese to rectum)
  • Distention
  • Internal sphincter relaxes
  • Colon contracts
  • External anal sphincter controls defecation

BIOM1052 (9 decks)

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