Gastrointestinal

Question 1

name at least 4 targets for pharmaceutical intervention in GI disease

Answer 1

emesis, motility, mucosal integrity, appetite, fecal consistency, pathogens

Question 2

this zone is sensitive to increasing blood levels of potentially toxic substances and will initiate vomiting reflex in response

Answer 2

CTZ, chemoreceptor trigger zone

Question 3

which 2 species can’t vomit

Answer 3

horses, rabbits

Question 4

a dog has ingested a toxin and you wish to induce vomiting. before giving an emetic, you should ensure that the toxin is ____ and the risk of ______ [medical condition] is low

Answer 4

ensure toxin is non-caustic and risk of aspiration pneumonia

Question 5

true or false: you cannot inhibit vomiting without inhibiting nausea

Answer 5

false (they are linked, but it is possible)

Question 6

maropitant is used as an anti-emetic for acute vomiting and motion sickness in which 2 species

Answer 6

dogs and cats

Question 7

name a use for acepromazine, a phenothiazine tranquilizer

Answer 7

sedative, anti-emetic, preanesthetic

Question 8

in small animal medicine, metoclopramide is commonly used for what purpose

Answer 8

prokinetic (increase gastric and duodenal emptying) (also used as antiemetic but now maropritant is more common for this purpose)

Question 9

name an indication for inducing emesis in a small animal who ingested a toxin

Answer 9

ingestion <1 hour ago or unknown time of ingestion in asymptomatic patient; when products known to stay in stomach a long time have been ingested eg. grapes

Question 10

name an contraindication for inducing emesis in a small animal who ingested a toxin

Answer 10

corrosive toxicant ingestion eg. battery, hydrocarbon toxicant ingestion eg. gasoline, in symptomatic patients, in patient with underlying disease predisposed to high risk of aspiration pneumonia

Question 11

emetic of choice in dogs

Answer 11

apomorphine

Question 12

most reliable emetic in cats

Answer 12

alpha 2 agonists (xylazine most common)

Question 13

what are two adverse effects of using hydrogen peroxide 3% as a peripheral emetic in dogs?

Answer 13

in dogs, esophagitis and gastritis; also irritating to lungs if aspirated

Question 14

parasympathetic innervation of GI tract stimulates or inhibits gastrointestinal motility

Answer 14

stimulates

Question 15

what is the function of motilin

Answer 15

a hormone which stimulates GI motility throughout GIT

Question 16

why is metoclopramide not used in horses

Answer 16

causes extreme CNS excitement

Question 17

what prokinetic is most commonly used in horses after colic surgery? what would be the route of administration?

Answer 17

lidocaine by CRI

Question 18

loperamide bioavailability is only 20% in dogs. why would you use it anyway as an antikinetic?

Answer 18

still useful for local effects on gut motility and secretion

Question 19

this is the most commonly used histamine receptor antagonist (H2 blocker); reduces gastric acid secretion; used in dogs, cats, horses, and less commonly in ruminants

Answer 19

ranitidine

Question 20

this irreversible proton pump inhibitor takes a few days to see the full effect because previously dormant parietal cells are activated as acid secretion is inhibited

Answer 20

omeprazole emphasized in class, but also pantoprazole and esomeprazole

Question 21

this protectant acts as a physical barrier to stick to ulcerated mucosa of the GI system

Answer 21

sucralfate

Question 22

what is the function of adsorbents

Answer 22

bind to toxins in GIT and prevent their systematic absorption

Question 23

this drug is used in cats with CKD to stimulate appetite and reduce nausea

Answer 23

mirtazapine

Question 24

this drug increases osmotic pressure by drawing water into the colon (laxative) and acidifies colon contents by drawing ammonia into colon (reduced blood ammonia levels); used to treat hepatic encephalopathy in dogs, cats, birds, reptiles

Answer 24

lactulose

Question 25

this drug is used for treatment of cholestasis; is an orally administered bile acid; contraindicated in hindgut fermenters

Answer 25

ursodiol

Question 26

this drug is used for treatment of hepatocellular dysfunction

Answer 26

SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine

Question 27

this anticholinergic drug is used to treat spasmodic colic in horses

Answer 27

N-butylscopolammonium bromide / hyoscine butyl bromide

Question 28

why does activated charcoal have a lot of drug interactions?

Answer 28

adsorbents may influence drug absorption