Gastrointestinal Flashcards
red info. complete
name at least 4 targets for pharmaceutical intervention in GI disease
emesis, motility, mucosal integrity, appetite, fecal consistency, pathogens
this zone is sensitive to increasing blood levels of potentially toxic substances and will initiate vomiting reflex in response
CTZ, chemoreceptor trigger zone
which 2 species can’t vomit
horses, rabbits
a dog has ingested a toxin and you wish to induce vomiting. before giving an emetic, you should ensure that the toxin is ____ and the risk of ______ [medical condition] is low
ensure toxin is non-caustic and risk of aspiration pneumonia
true or false: you cannot inhibit vomiting without inhibiting nausea
false (they are linked, but it is possible)
maropitant is used as an anti-emetic for acute vomiting and motion sickness in which 2 species
dogs and cats
name a use for acepromazine, a phenothiazine tranquilizer
sedative, anti-emetic, preanesthetic
in small animal medicine, metoclopramide is commonly used for what purpose
prokinetic (increase gastric and duodenal emptying) (also used as antiemetic but now maropritant is more common for this purpose)
name an indication for inducing emesis in a small animal who ingested a toxin
ingestion <1 hour ago or unknown time of ingestion in asymptomatic patient; when products known to stay in stomach a long time have been ingested eg. grapes
name an contraindication for inducing emesis in a small animal who ingested a toxin
corrosive toxicant ingestion eg. battery, hydrocarbon toxicant ingestion eg. gasoline, in symptomatic patients, in patient with underlying disease predisposed to high risk of aspiration pneumonia
emetic of choice in dogs
apomorphine
most reliable emetic in cats
alpha 2 agonists (xylazine most common)
what are two adverse effects of using hydrogen peroxide 3% as a peripheral emetic in dogs?
in dogs, esophagitis and gastritis; also irritating to lungs if aspirated
parasympathetic innervation of GI tract stimulates or inhibits gastrointestinal motility
stimulates
what is the function of motilin
a hormone which stimulates GI motility throughout GIT
why is metoclopramide not used in horses
causes extreme CNS excitement
what prokinetic is most commonly used in horses after colic surgery? what would be the route of administration?
lidocaine by CRI
loperamide bioavailability is only 20% in dogs. why would you use it anyway as an antikinetic?
still useful for local effects on gut motility and secretion
this is the most commonly used histamine receptor antagonist (H2 blocker); reduces gastric acid secretion; used in dogs, cats, horses, and less commonly in ruminants
ranitidine
this irreversible proton pump inhibitor takes a few days to see the full effect because previously dormant parietal cells are activated as acid secretion is inhibited
omeprazole emphasized in class, but also pantoprazole and esomeprazole
this protectant acts as a physical barrier to stick to ulcerated mucosa of the GI system
sucralfate
what is the function of adsorbents
bind to toxins in GIT and prevent their systematic absorption
this drug is used in cats with CKD to stimulate appetite and reduce nausea
mirtazapine
this drug increases osmotic pressure by drawing water into the colon (laxative) and acidifies colon contents by drawing ammonia into colon (reduced blood ammonia levels); used to treat hepatic encephalopathy in dogs, cats, birds, reptiles
lactulose
this drug is used for treatment of cholestasis; is an orally administered bile acid; contraindicated in hindgut fermenters
ursodiol
this drug is used for treatment of hepatocellular dysfunction
SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine
this anticholinergic drug is used to treat spasmodic colic in horses
N-butylscopolammonium bromide / hyoscine butyl bromide
why does activated charcoal have a lot of drug interactions?
adsorbents may influence drug absorption
