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CPR > Gas Transport and Erythrocyte Physiology > Flashcards

Gas Transport and Erythrocyte Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does CO do to the Oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Large Left Shift

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2
Q

Define Hypochromic Anemia

A

Deficient Transport of transferrin to developing erythroblasts

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3
Q

Will Cyanosis be present during anemia?

A

NO

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4
Q

HIF is an ___

A

Transcription Factor

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5
Q

Total Oxygen in blood is the dissolved + ___

A

Bound to hemoglobin

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6
Q

Patients with Methemoglobinemia will present with:

A

Chocolate Blood and Blue Skin

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7
Q

How do you calculate the total O2 bound to Hb

A

Max O2 to Hb * % saturation

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8
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is know as the ___ regulator

A

Principle

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9
Q

What is the normal O2 capacity of Hb

A

1.34mLO2/gHb

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10
Q

Ways that O2 is transported>

A

1) Dissolved

2) Bound to Hemoglobin

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11
Q

Symptoms of CO poisoning

A

1) Mild Headache
2) Nausea
3) Vomiting

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12
Q

Physiologic Polycythemia will have an ____ CO

A

Normal

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13
Q

2,3 BPG has a large effect on____ side of curve

A

Venous/Tissue side

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14
Q

Define Physiologic Polycythemia

A

Due to adaptation of high altitude

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15
Q

An increased respiratory quotient leads to:

A

Increased Respiratory Burden

Increased Energy Expended on Expiration

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16
Q

What is the normal total O2 in arterial blood?

A

19.9

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17
Q

Function of erythropoiesis

A

Generate Erythrocytes from Reticulocytes

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18
Q

Right shift is associated with: ____ and advantageous for ___.

A

Anemia

Unloading O2

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19
Q

A (Left/Right) shift signs that there is a decrease in affinity of Hb for O2

A

Right

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20
Q

List factors the create a right shift of the Oxygen Hemoglobin Curve

A

1) Increased temperature
2) Decreased pH - Bohr Effect
3) Increased PCO2
4) 2,3 BPG

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21
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

Bone Marrow

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22
Q

RQ for fats

A

.7

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23
Q

Life span of an Erythrocyte

A

120 days

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24
Q

List the Percentages of Carbamino, Bicarbonate and Dissolved CO2 in Venous Blood

A

Carbamino: 30%
Bicarbonate: 60%
Dissolved: 10%

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25
Q

What are the two functions of an Erythrocyte?

A

1) Carry O2 and CO2

2) Acid/Base Buffering

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26
Q

Define Arteriovenous (A-V) O2 difference

A

The amount of oxygen that is being extracted by the tissues

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27
Q

Bicarbonate that is created from the cell can leave the cell via what transporter?

A

Cl-/HCO3- Exchanger (Chloride Shift)

28
Q

Causes of Methemoglobinemia

A

1) Mutant M form of Hb
2) Methemoglobin reductase variants
3) Oxidation of Fe2+ of Hb (Naturally or Drug induced)

29
Q

EPO is secreted via the ___

A

Kidneys

30
Q

Heme is an ___ ___ complex

A

Fe2+

Porphyrin

31
Q

Normal Max O2 bound to Hb is ___

A

20.1 mLO2/dL blood

32
Q

Does saturation change during anemia?

A

NO

33
Q

Define Secondary Polycythemia

A

Driven by hypoxia with an associated high EPO

34
Q

Methemoglobinemia causes and ___ shift to O2 curve

A

Left

35
Q

Where do Erythrocytes mature?

A

Circulation via O2 demand

36
Q

What is the Best way to decrease RQ

A

Eat more Fats

37
Q

What is the normal saturation of Hb in arterial blood?

A

97%

38
Q

What is the normal saturation of Hb in venous blood?

A

75%

39
Q

If Methemoglobin is > ___ then it is considered abnormal

A

1.5%

40
Q

List the Percentages of Carbamino, Bicarbonate and Dissolved CO2 in Arterial Blood

A

Carbamino: 5%
Bicarbonate: 90%
Dissolved: 5%

41
Q

What does CO do to the binding Capacity for O2 Molecules?

A

Decrease Binding Capacity

42
Q

What is the normal total O2 in venous blood

A

15.2

43
Q

Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia is can be caused by __ or __ def.

A

Folate

B12

44
Q

Describe the chains involved in HbF

A

1) 2x gamma chains

2) 2x alpha chains

45
Q

Describe the chains involved in HbA

A

1) 2x alpha chains

2) 2x beta chains

46
Q

Characteristics of Primary Polycythemia

A

Increased Blood volume
Increased Viscosity
Normal CO

47
Q

100% oxygen raises ___ O2

A

Dissolved

48
Q

RQ for Glucose/Sugar

A

1

49
Q

Define the Respiratory Quotient Equation

A

RQ = Volume CO2 produced/ Volume Consumed

50
Q

Define Primary Polycythemia

A

Genetic Disorder where the is low EPO but extra RBC.

51
Q

After CO2 gets into the cell it has 3 fates. List those fates.

A

1) Stay as CO2
2) Shunt to hemoglobin
3) HCO3-

52
Q

CO2 can be transported in 3 different ways.

A

1) Dissolved
2) Bicarbonate
3) Carbamino Compounds

53
Q

Left shift is associated with ___ and advantageous for ___.

A

1) Increased affinity of Hb for O2

2) Advantageous for holding on to O2

54
Q

RQ for Mixed diet

A

0.8

55
Q

What is EPO regulated by?

A

HIF (Hypoxia Inducible Factor)

56
Q

HbA is ___ hemoglobin

A

Adult

57
Q

List three ways Bicarbonate is created.

A

1) H2CO3 dissociation
2) Carbonic Anhydrase Directly
3) Directly from Co3^2- + H+

58
Q

If iron is oxidized to Fe3+ and is associated with hemoglobin, what is it now called

A

Methemoglobin

59
Q

Two types of Hemochromatosis

A

1) Primary = Genetic

2) Secondary = Multiple blood transfusions, ineffective erythropoiesis, and increased iron intake

60
Q

What is the Normal RQ

A

0.8

61
Q

RQ for Protein

A

0.9

62
Q

Define the equation of Max O2 bound to Hb

A

Max O2 bound to Hb = O2 capacity * Hb content of the blood

63
Q

Secondary Polycythemia will have an ___ CO

A

abnormal

64
Q

List reasons for secretion of EPO. 4X

A

1) Anemia
2) Low Hb
3) Decrease RGF (renal blood flow)
4) Central Hypoxia (low O2 in arterioles)

65
Q

CO2 gets into cells via which transporter?

A

AQP1

66
Q

Methemoglobin is the ____ form of hemoglobin

A

Oxidized

67
Q

Define Hemochromatosis

A

Iron Overload leading to cirrhosis, skin pigmentation and diabetes

CPR (18 decks)

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