Gas Transport and Erythrocyte Physiology Flashcards by plasma opp

What does CO do to the Oxygen dissociation curve?

Large Left Shift

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Define Hypochromic Anemia

Deficient Transport of transferrin to developing erythroblasts

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Will Cyanosis be present during anemia?

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HIF is an ___

Transcription Factor

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Total Oxygen in blood is the dissolved + ___

Bound to hemoglobin

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Patients with Methemoglobinemia will present with:

Chocolate Blood and Blue Skin

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How do you calculate the total O2 bound to Hb

Max O2 to Hb * % saturation

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Erythropoietin (EPO) is know as the ___ regulator

Principle

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What is the normal O2 capacity of Hb

1.34mLO2/gHb

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Ways that O2 is transported>

1) Dissolved

2) Bound to Hemoglobin

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Symptoms of CO poisoning

1) Mild Headache
2) Nausea
3) Vomiting

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Physiologic Polycythemia will have an ____ CO

Normal

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2,3 BPG has a large effect on____ side of curve

Venous/Tissue side

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Define Physiologic Polycythemia

Due to adaptation of high altitude

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An increased respiratory quotient leads to:

Increased Respiratory Burden

Increased Energy Expended on Expiration

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What is the normal total O2 in arterial blood?

19.9

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Function of erythropoiesis

Generate Erythrocytes from Reticulocytes

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Right shift is associated with: ____ and advantageous for ___.

Anemia

Unloading O2

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A (Left/Right) shift signs that there is a decrease in affinity of Hb for O2

Right

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List factors the create a right shift of the Oxygen Hemoglobin Curve

1) Increased temperature
2) Decreased pH - Bohr Effect
3) Increased PCO2
4) 2,3 BPG

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Where does erythropoiesis occur?

Bone Marrow

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RQ for fats

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Life span of an Erythrocyte

120 days

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List the Percentages of Carbamino, Bicarbonate and Dissolved CO2 in Venous Blood

Carbamino: 30%
Bicarbonate: 60%
Dissolved: 10%

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What are the two functions of an Erythrocyte?

1) Carry O2 and CO2 | 2) Acid/Base Buffering

Define Arteriovenous (A-V) O2 difference

The amount of oxygen that is being extracted by the tissues

Bicarbonate that is created from the cell can leave the cell via what transporter?

Cl-/HCO3- Exchanger (Chloride Shift)

Causes of Methemoglobinemia

1) Mutant M form of Hb 2) Methemoglobin reductase variants 3) Oxidation of Fe2+ of Hb (Naturally or Drug induced)

EPO is secreted via the ___

Kidneys

Heme is an ___ ___ complex

Fe2+ | Porphyrin

Normal Max O2 bound to Hb is ___

20.1 mLO2/dL blood

Does saturation change during anemia?

Define Secondary Polycythemia

Driven by hypoxia with an associated high EPO

Methemoglobinemia causes and ___ shift to O2 curve

Left

Where do Erythrocytes mature?

Circulation via O2 demand

What is the Best way to decrease RQ

Eat more Fats

What is the normal saturation of Hb in arterial blood?

97%

What is the normal saturation of Hb in venous blood?

75%

If Methemoglobin is > ___ then it is considered abnormal

1.5%

List the Percentages of Carbamino, Bicarbonate and Dissolved CO2 in Arterial Blood

Carbamino: 5% Bicarbonate: 90% Dissolved: 5%

What does CO do to the binding Capacity for O2 Molecules?

Decrease Binding Capacity

What is the normal total O2 in venous blood

15.2

Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia is can be caused by __ or __ def.

Folate | B12

Describe the chains involved in HbF

1) 2x gamma chains | 2) 2x alpha chains

Describe the chains involved in HbA

1) 2x alpha chains | 2) 2x beta chains

Characteristics of Primary Polycythemia

Increased Blood volume Increased Viscosity Normal CO

100% oxygen raises ___ O2

Dissolved

RQ for Glucose/Sugar

Define the Respiratory Quotient Equation

RQ = Volume CO2 produced/ Volume Consumed

Define Primary Polycythemia

Genetic Disorder where the is low EPO but extra RBC.

After CO2 gets into the cell it has 3 fates. List those fates.

1) Stay as CO2 2) Shunt to hemoglobin 3) HCO3-

CO2 can be transported in 3 different ways.

1) Dissolved 2) Bicarbonate 3) Carbamino Compounds

Left shift is associated with ___ and advantageous for ___.

1) Increased affinity of Hb for O2 | 2) Advantageous for holding on to O2

RQ for Mixed diet

0.8

What is EPO regulated by?

HIF (Hypoxia Inducible Factor)

HbA is ___ hemoglobin

Adult

List three ways Bicarbonate is created.

1) H2CO3 dissociation 2) Carbonic Anhydrase Directly 3) Directly from Co3^2- + H+

If iron is oxidized to Fe3+ and is associated with hemoglobin, what is it now called

Methemoglobin

Two types of Hemochromatosis

1) Primary = Genetic | 2) Secondary = Multiple blood transfusions, ineffective erythropoiesis, and increased iron intake

What is the Normal RQ

0.8

RQ for Protein

0.9

Define the equation of Max O2 bound to Hb

Max O2 bound to Hb = O2 capacity * Hb content of the blood

Secondary Polycythemia will have an ___ CO

abnormal

List reasons for secretion of EPO. 4X

1) Anemia 2) Low Hb 3) Decrease RGF (renal blood flow) 4) Central Hypoxia (low O2 in arterioles)

CO2 gets into cells via which transporter?

AQP1

Methemoglobin is the ____ form of hemoglobin

Oxidized

Define Hemochromatosis

Iron Overload leading to cirrhosis, skin pigmentation and diabetes