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Module 3 > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

tuberculosis

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2
Q

tuberculosis most commonly infects the

A

lungs

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3
Q

what are the risk factors for tuberculosis

A

homeless, residents of inner city neighborhoods, foreign-born, living or working in institutions, IV injecting drug users, poverty, immunosuppression, asian descent

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4
Q

when does multi drug resistant tuberculosis occurs

A

when a strain develops resistance to two of the most potent first line anti TB drugs

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5
Q

what is one of the main causes for resistance to the drug to occur

A

not finishing treatment

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6
Q

how is tuberculosis spread

A

via airborne droplets

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7
Q

how long can the tuberculosis droplets be suspended in the air and why

A

minutes to hours because the droplet itself is so tiny

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8
Q

tuberculosis is NOT spread by

A

touching, sharing food utensils, kissing, or physical contact

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9
Q

once tuberculosis droplet is inhaled it lodges in bronchiole and alveolus and develops into a

A

granuloma

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10
Q

when the granuloma develops the infection becomes

A

walled off and typically stops further spreading

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11
Q

why does tuburculosis the lungs

A

its aerophilic (oxygen loving)

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12
Q

develops active infection within the first 2 years of being exposed is

A

primary infection

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13
Q

activated 2 years AFTER exposure is

A

latent TB infection

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14
Q

Tb comes back when immunocompromised

A

reactivation TB

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15
Q

where is the grandulome/TB found

A

upper to mid lungs

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16
Q

what does TB usually start with

A

dry cough that then becomes productive and frequent

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17
Q

what is a late sign of TB

A

coughing up blood and SOB

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18
Q

large numbers of organism spread via the bloodstream to distant organs

A

milary TB

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19
Q

fluid in the pleura space and causes inflammation

A

pleural TB

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20
Q

for the PPD what indicated that you have been exposed to TB (antibodies)

A

the presence of induration at injection site

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21
Q

low risk of TB at injection site is an induration of

A

> 15

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22
Q

high risk of TB at injection site is an induration of

A

> 10

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23
Q

immunocompromised will have an induration at injection site of

A

> 5

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24
Q

If there is an induration at injection site what is the next steps

A

chest xray and then sputum test (first thing in the morning)

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25
what is the gold standard for testing tuberculosis
sputum
26
instead of getting a skin test every year if positive for TB you will get an
xray yearly
27
when do you prefer to obtain sputum culture
before placed on antibiotics
28
a TB patient is usually infectious the
first 2 weeks after starting treatment (if sputum +)
29
why should you report TB patient to health dept
so they can get in touch with people pt has been in contact with
30
what precaution will the TB pt be on
airborne precaution with negative pressure room
31
what PPE should you wear when bathing the pt
Gown, goggles, mask (n95) and gloves
32
what are S/S of tuberculosis
progressive fatigue, malaise, anorexia, weightloss, chronic cough, night sweats, hemoptysis, low grade fever, pleuritic chest pain
33
what is the treatment for TB
TB meds for 6 most of longer, isolation until - sputum results
34
what are the dx of Tb
Tb skin test, chest x ray then sputum (3 specimens collected on different days)
35
acute infection of the lung parenchyma
pneumonia
36
what could cause pneumonia
pollution, smoking, upper respiratory infections, tracheal intubation, aging
37
what are 3 ways organisms reach lungs
aspiration, inhalation of microbes in the air, hematogenous spread form primary infection elsewhere in the body
38
occurs in patients who have been hospitalized or resided in a long term care facility within 14 days of the onset of symptoms
community acquired pneumonia
39
occuring 48 hours or longer after admission and not incubating at time of hospitalization
Hospital acquired pneumonia
40
what is the #1 cause of pneumonia
streptococcal pneumonia
41
what causes HAP
not washing hands
42
what are major problems in treating HCAP
multidrug resistant organisms
43
what does aspiration pneumonia result from
abnormal entry of secretions into lower airway
44
why would you perform a sputum culture BEFORE antibiotics are given
antibiotics could give abnormal results
45
what are symptoms of pneumonia
cough, fever, dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, rhonchi and crackles
46
what are a few complications of pneumonia
pleural effusion, atelectasis, bacteremia, meningitis, sepsis
47
what is the gold standard for dx pneumonia
chest xray
48
collaborative care for pneumonia would be
pneumococcal vaccine, antibiotic therapy, oxygen for hypoxemia, analgesics for chest pain
49
what is the minimum days for antibiotic therapy (pneumonia)
5 days
50
what should the pts nutritional therapy be for pneumonia
adequate hydration, hi calorie, small frequent meals
51
COPD includes
chronic bronchitis, emphysema
52
airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is generally progressive
COPD
53
what are symptoms of a COPD patient
easily fatigued, frequent respiratory infections, use of accessory muscles to breathe, orthopneic, dysrhythmias, thin in appearance, wheezing, purse lipped breathing, chronic cough, digital clubbing
54
clubbing is a chronic sign of
hypoxia as well as cyanosis
55
presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years
chronic bronchitis
56
for pt with chronic bronchitis the alveoli become _____
damaged
57
what are some clinical signs of a chronic bronchitis pt
frequent cough with foul smelling sputum | pulmonary infecitons, blue bloater appearance, dyspnea and activity intolerance
58
what are S/S of a blue bloater
``` frequent productive cough (3mx2yr) digital clubbing barrel chest easily fatigued smoke dyspnea leans forwatd to breath easier uses accessory muscles needs O2 easily fatigued lots of respiratory infection ```
59
where is it best to locate cyanosis
lips, mucous membranes and fingers
60
what is the progressive destruction of alveoli
emphysema
61
emphysema _______ surface area of respiratory bronchioles, alveoli, and alveolar ducts
decreases
62
emphysema is the _______ of lung tissue and _______ your elasticity
destruction;lose
63
what are clinical manifestations of emphysema
``` chronic cough exertional dyspnea sputum production persistent tachycardia diminished breath sounds "pink puffer" "barrel chest" ```
64
why do emphysema patients not eat
because its hard to breath while eating and they would rather have oxygen
65
what are S/S of pink puffer
speaks in short jerky sentences, purse-lip breathing, barrel chest, destruction of alveoli walls, wheezing, smoke, permanent damage, frequent URIs, bronchi collapse on expiration, prolonged expiratory time, thin appearance, loss of lung elasticity, no cyanosis, anxious, easily fatigues
66
what does it mean when a person doesn't have enough endurance
shortness of breath while resting or with activity
67
what are assessment and dx findings for emphysema
pulmonary function tests, spirometry | ABGs
68
what is the gold standard for emphysema
spirometry
69
what are risk factors for emphysema
smoking occupational exposure air pollution genetic abnormalities
70
what is the genetic risk factor for COPD
antitrypsin deficiency
71
what is an autosomal recessive disorder
AAT
72
some degree of emphysema is common because of physiological changes due to
aging
73
what are signs of severity for COPD exacerbationss
use of accessory muscles and central cyanosis
74
what are COPD exacerbation treatmens
short acting bronchodilators coticosterioids antibiotics supplemental oxygen therapy

Module 3 (10 decks)

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