Gas exchange Flashcards
State how the concentration gradient is maintained
Dense network of blood vessels, continious blood flow and Ventilation
List the properties for gas exchange
Moist surface
Larger surface area
permeability
Concentration gradient
Thin layer
State expiration (quiet breathing)
and forced breathing
Diaphragm relaxes (decrease volume of rib cage), both internal and external inter muscles relax and pressure increases
Forced: internal inter mucles contract, move down forcefully of rib cage
State the adaptations of mammals for gas exchange
Surfactant (type II pneumocytes)
Highly branched network of bronchioles (increase surface are)
Extensive capillaries surrounding alveoli (short distance for exchange)
Many alveoli (large surface area)
State inspiration process
External intercostal muscles contract and internal relax. Diaphragm contracts and increase volume of rib cage
What is the total lung capacity?
6000mL
What is the vital capacity?
4800mL
What is the volume that cannot be exhaled?
Residual volume 1200mL
What is the volume of air normally enters and exits the body?
Tidal volume 500mL
After a normal exhale, what is the additional volume of air that you can exhale?
Expiratory reserve volume 1200mL
After taking a normal breath, what is the additional volume of air that you can inhale?
Inspiratory reserve volume 3100mL
State factors that affect lung capacities
Biological sex (more in capacity men)
Physical activity (increased)
Age (increase after 25 years)
Respiratory disease (less)
What is a dicotyledonous leaf?
Plants with two leaves in seed
What are the adaptations of dicotyledonous leaf for gas exchange?
Thin and flat leaves (larger surface area and absorb sunlight)
Waxy cuticle (covers epidermis prevents water loss)
Stomata (pores where gasses diffuse, found on epidermis, upper leaf and stem)
Spongy mesophyll layer (air spaces)
Vascular bundles
What is transpiration and implication?
The loss of water in parts of plant.
Due to lower concentration of water vapor in atmosphere
Negative pressure that pulls water in xylem (capillary action) and allows plants to absorb nutrients and temperature regulation
State factors affecting transporation
Temperature- more kinetic energy more releasing
Humidity- more in the atmosphere more releasing
Wind speed- increases conc. gradiente and rate of releasing
Light intensity- guard cells open mor stomata
What is the formula to calculate stomatal density?
mean stomata/area of circle
Contrast foetal and adult haemglobin
Foetal- 2 subunit alpha and 2 gamma (polypeptide chains) more O2 affinity
Adult- 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits each unit has a haem group (iron) fusses with O2
Gamma sub units of foetal produces higher affinity to O2, adult 2,3 BPG
What is cooperative binding?
When a subunit has O2 bounded the others perform a conformational change increasing affinity, and is reversible
What is Bohr shift?
The oxygen dissociation curve shifted to the right due to the lower pH by carbonic acid (CO2) and changes tertiary structure of haemglobin reducing affinity
